董仲舒“灾异”说之确立

Construction of Dong Zhongshu's Catastrophe Theory

灾异说往往以某种自然灾害或者不寻常的自然现象的出现来作为推断国家施政正确与否的标准,并用来预测和指导未来的施政方向。汉代的灾异说其兴盛一方面受"革命"理念遭抑制的外缘背景所影响,另一方面也与灾异思想发展的自身脉络有关。灾异与道德政治相关联在先秦由来已久,由早期朴素的天命观,到战国时代阴阳学说的渗入,使得天象与人之关联的内在理据逐渐显豁,至董仲舒始将灾异说与感应说相结合,以五行对应五事,并将灾与异以小大、前后相贯通,使得灾异理论从此得以规范化、体系化,奠定了公羊灾异说的理论基础,也直接影响了纬书和何休的灾异说。

With an explanation of some natural disasters or abnormal phenomena in nature,the Catastrophe Theory was often used as a criterion for assessing the existing national policies and a guidance for their future implementation. The popularity of the Catastrophe Theory in the Han dynasty was closely related not only to the prohibition of the'revolutionary'ideas in that period but also to the historical development of this theory. The relationship between catastrophes and ethical politics received much attention since the pre- Qin period. The early na? ve concept of God's will developed with the absorption of the Yin- Yang theory in the Warring States Period,which helped reveal the inner correlation between astronomical phenomena and human beings. Dong Zhongshu integrated the Catastrophe Theory with the Theory of Heaven- Human Interaction,and made the five basic elements correspond to the five basic things,thus making catastrophes and abnormal things connected in sequence and in order,which helped the formal establishment of the Catastrophe Theory and laid a foundation for the up- coming Gongyang Catastrophe Theory with further influence on Wei Classics and He Xiu's Interpretation of Gongyang Theory