“整体和单个”:福柯的治理术和生命权力的系谱研究

All and Each:Foucault's Genealogical Study of Governmentality and Bio-power

在《性经验史》第一卷和法兰西学院1976—1979年的系列讲座中,福柯梳理了西方治理术从传统的司法权力到规训权力和安全模式的过渡,治理焦点从"领土"到"身体"和"人口"的变迁,以及西方社会从"司法国家"经由"行政管治国家",最终走向"自由主义阶段"的转型历程。通过这一系谱图,福柯考察了各种权力技术的发展历史,展示了权力与知识、权力与自由的共生关系,揭示了主体(单个的人和作为整体的人口)如何成为权力的对象,而权力又是怎样借助各种知识形式展开运作,从而实现对人的统治的。

In the first volume of The History of Sexuality and Lectures at the Coll6ge de France 1976-79, Foucault discusses three transitions： the transition of Western gov- ernmentality from the traditional mode of judicial power to disciplinary mechanisms and security apparatuses, the shift of the focus of government from ＂territory＂ to ＂body＂ and ＂population,＂ and the transformation of the Western society from ＂the state of jus- tice＂ to ＂the police state＂ and finally to ＂the stage of liberalism.＂ Through this genealog- ical investigation, Foucault explores the history of development of different powers, demonstrates the symbiotic relationship between power and knowledge, power and free- dom, and reveals how subject, as an individual and a population, becomes the object of power, and how power, combined with knowledge, comes to dominate human beings.