耕作与施肥模式对渭北旱塬春玉米田蓄水保墒与玉米产量的影响

Effects of different tillage and fertilization combinations on soil water conservation and yield increment in Weibei Highland

为揭示渭北旱塬春玉米田休闲期不同保护性耕作模式的蓄水保墒与增产增收效应,寻找适合渭北旱塬春玉米田水肥高效利用的耕作方式和施肥水平,于2013—2014年度在陕西省合阳县甘井镇春玉米田分别设置传统农户模式（翻耕＋低肥,S1）、现有高效模式（免耕＋高肥,S2）、创新高效模式（深松＋平衡施肥,S3）等模式处理,研究各类耕作与施肥相结合保护性耕作模式下春玉米水分利用率、产量和经济效益差异。结果表明,创新模式S3和现有模式S2较农户模式S1播前增加了土壤贮水量;创新模式S3和现有模式S2处理在玉米主要生育期0~200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别比农户模式S1增加23.3 mm和18.1 mm,水分利用效率分别提高12.3%和10%,产量增加11.1%、9.2%。创新模式和现有模式均较农户模式能够增加土壤贮水量,提高水分利用效率,增加产量和经济效益,但创新模式蓄水保墒,增产增收优势明显,是适合渭北旱塬地区春玉米生产的水肥管理模式。

The objective of this study was to reveal the effects of different conservative tillage practices during winter fallow on soil moisture conservation and yield improvement of spring corn in Weibei Highland,and to find a proper regime of tillage practice and fertilization level for spring corn in this region. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three different tillage practices combined with fertilization,namely,conventional farmer pattern（ deep ploughing plus low fertilization level,S1）,existent highly efficient pattern（ no-tillage plus high fertilization level,S2） and innovative highly efficient pattern（ sub-soiling plus moderate fertilization level,S3）,on water utilization,grain yield and economic benefits of spring corn. The results indicated that water storage of S3 and S2 before sowing were higher than that of S1. Compared with S1,the average 0 ~ 200 cm soil water storages during the whole growth period,water use efficiencies and grain yields by S3 and S2 were increased by 23. 3 mm and18. 1 mm,12. 3% and 10%,11. 1% and 9. 2%,respectively. S3 and S2 performed better than S1 in improvement of water storage,WUE,grain yield and economic benefits. In conclusion,S3 treatment is a proper water and fertilizer management pattern for spring corn in Weibei Highland.