元代诗人笔下的“诈马宴”略说

On Zha ma yan in the Poetry of the Yuan Dynasty

"诈马宴"较为准确的含义应该是蒙古贵族们穿着一色的"质孙服",骑着盛装的"诈马",集体参加由皇帝主持的连续三天的盛大宴会。从周伯琦及其他元代诗人的作品中可以看出,"诈马宴"主要有以下特点:一是宴会开始时要举行庄严的仪式,宣读成吉思汗"礼撒";二是参加人数众多;三是赴宴者每天要穿同一颜色的衣服,即"质孙服";四是要消耗大量的食物和美酒;五是在举行宴会的同时,音乐、歌舞、百戏、竞技、游戏轮番上场。元代皇帝通过每年举行的"诈马宴"赏赐大臣,加强与漠北蒙古诸王的联系,沟通感情,树立权威;同时也接待藩属及外国使节来朝,以此展示元王朝的强盛和恢弘的气度。作为百年盛典,一代名宴,"质孙宴"和"诈马宴"实际上是一宴二名,只是着眼点不同。从服饰角度看,可称"质孙宴";从骑着盛装的马赴宴的角度看,可称"诈马宴"。

Zha ma yan was a collective banquet which was hosted by the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and continued for three days. At this moment Mongolian nobles were dressed in the uniform,riding on their dressed up Zha ma（ horses） for the banquet. The main characteristics of Zha ma yan can be seen in the following points. First,the solemn ceremony was performed at the beginning.Genghis Khan＇s Li che was read aloud. Second,it was a grand banquet with a huge turnout of people. Third,all the people in the banquet must be dressed in the clothes of the same color,which was called Zhi sun fu. Fourth,the banquet would serve a great deal of food and wine. Fifth,music,songs and dances,all kinds of dramas,competitive sports and games came on in turn. The Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty gave his subordinates a lot of gifts in the banquet every year in order to communicate with the kings of the northern Mongolia and to establish his authority. At the same time,the faithful tributaries of the empire and the foreign representatives were welcome to be present to show the unparalleled prosperity and extensive tolerance of the empire. Actually,Zha ma yan and Zhi sun yan were the same in nature. The banquet was called different names because people stood in the different positions. From the clothes,the banquet was called Zhi sun yan. From Mongolian nobles riding on their dressed up Zha ma for the banquet,it was called Zha ma yan.