石油化工装置安全设计讨论——Ⅰ.工艺安全设计

Discussion on safety design of petrochemical units——Ⅰ. Process safety design

工艺设计的初始阶段应综合考察工艺技术的内在安全性,工艺技术发展与技术进步,不仅要改善产品质量、提高收率、降低消耗,同时要提高装置的内在安全性。工艺路线选择上应优先采用低危险性原材料,危险物料的用量和存藏量最小化,过程条件相对缓和,不产生或少产生有害废料。装置运行的安全性还取决于装置硬件设施的可靠性和工艺条件下由介质特性、操作参数、控制技术、操作和管理水平等构成的动态系统及其平衡条件。装置生产在原料预处理、化学反应、精制分离过程中,物料性质和状态的变化和转换无不受到过程参数和系统能量平衡的影响,参数的偏离和能量的失衡都可能导致危险情况出现。

In the preliminary phase of process design, the intrinsic safety, the process development and progress should be studied. Not only the product quality, hut also the product yield and energy consumption should be considered. In the process design, the low-hazard materials should be applied, and the hazardous material requirement and inventory should be minimized. The condition of the process should be relatively mild, and there is no or there is little hazardous material produced in the process. The safe operation of the unit also depends upon the reliability of facilities of the unit and dynamic system composed of media proper- ties, operating parameters, control technologies and operating and management efficiency under the process conditions. The feedstock physical properties and state as well as its conversion are completely affected by the process parameters and energy balance of the system in the pretreatment, chemical reaction and refining treatment. The run-away and energy inbalance of parameters will lead to hazardous conditions.