中国少数民族全面建成小康社会进展评估——基于人口普查数据的分析

An Assessment of the Progress in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society for China's Ethnic Minorities——Based on an Analysis on Census Data

利用人口普查数据,选取《全面建设小康社会统计监测指标体系》的几个代理指标,分析我国少数民族全面小康建设的进展状况发现:第一,2000年以来,少数民族全面小康建设取得显著进展,但与总人口比较,除平均预期寿命外,其余指标的实现程度离全面小康还比较远,特别是第三产业就业和城镇化,差距尤其大。第二,少数民族全面小康建设族际间显著不平衡。第三,从各地区少数民族全面小康实现程度看,经济发达地区少数民族主要以散居为主,全面小康实现程度高,而集聚于经济欠发达地区的少数民族,全面小康实现程度低。因此,未来5年全面建成小康社会,难点在少数民族和民族地区,重点也在少数民族和民族地区。加快经济发展和实现基本公共服务均等化供给,是少数民族和民族地区经济发展的两个主要方面,政府支持的重点在于加快少数民族和民族地区产业结构的转换与升级,着力于加强非农产业特别是第三产业的发展,进而推动城镇化和城乡一体化;着力于加快传统农牧业的改造,可持续提高农牧民收入水平;着力于美丽乡村建设,进一步提高生活质量;着力于乡村基础设施建设,实现乡域、县域经济一体化,夯实底部经济;着力于加强民族地区和少数民族的职业技术教育和大中专教育,进一步少数民族劳动力的技能水平;着力于加强少数民族和民族地区文化基础设施建设。

Based on the census data,this article chooses several proxy indicators to analyze the progress of China＇s ethnic minorities＇ building a moderately peosperous well-off society. The main conclusions are as follows：Firstly,building a moderately prosperous society in ethnic minority areas has achieved prominent progress since 2000. For instance,if we compare the year 2010 with the year 2000,the degree of urbanization in ethnic minority ＇areas was up 15. 81 percentage points; the employment rate in the tertiary industries was up 12. 18 percentage points;the per capita housing area was up 20. 32 percentage points; the average life span was up 9. 09 percentage points,and average years of schooling was up 10. 57 percentage points. However,compared with the total population,except for the average life span,the degree of realization of other indexes was far from the comprehensive standards of being＂prosperous＂. The gap was especially large in the standards of employment in the tertiary industries,and urbanization. On the other hand,in looking at the change between 2000 to 2010,except that the change of the average years of schooling and average life expectancy were not much different from the whole country,the change of other indicators of the ethnic minorities were much smaller than the changes in those of the total population. Urbanization and the employment in tertiary industries in ethnic minority areas especially lagged much behind the standard of a moderately prosperous society.Secondly,there still are significant imbalances among the ethnic minority groups with regard to the construction of a moderately prosperous society. In2010,the all-round degree of building a moderately prosperous society was highest among the Russian,Korean,Uzbeks,and Hezhen ethnic groups. Their degree of realization was over 100%. The degree of realization of the Tatar,Daur,Jing,Xibo,Ewenki,Hui,Mongolian,Manchu,Mulam,Naxi,and Yugur ethnic groups was between 75% ~ 100%. Those ethnic minorities who mainly live in alpine valleys and high plateau areas,including the Jinuo,Lahu,Pumi,Lisu,Bonan,Achang,Tajik,Nu,Mengba,Dulong,Bulang and Luoba,De＇ang,and especially those ethnic groups with small populations—their comprehensive degree of realization was low,less than 50%.Thirdly,in looking at the degree of realization of a moderately prosperous society of the ethnic people in various regions,degree of realization of those ethnic minorities who live dispersed in economically developed areas was relatively high,while the degree of realization of those who live in economically less developed areas was low. If we look at the degree of realization from the various indexes,in the regions where the ethnic minorities are dispersed,and their population was low,for example in Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Shanxi,Shaanxi and other places,housing was the one index which influenced the building of a moderately prosperous society. In the regions where the ethnic minority live dispersed and the proportion of their population was low,but there was a lot of ethnic minority peasant labor,such as in Zhejiang,Jiangshu,Shandong,Guangdong,Jiangxi and Henan,the most important thing was to improve the housing condition and adjust the employment structure. In other areas where the ethnic minorities live in com-pacted communities,and the proportion of their population was relatively high,all the indexes were low. Therefore,it is necessary to accelerate the economic development,and expand the construction of basic public services,in order to realize the comprehensive development of society.In the next 5 years,both the difficulty and significance of constructing a moderately prosperous society are found in ethnic minority areas. The research findings of this article proves that building of a moderately prosperous society has achieved obvious effectiveness. However,in some ethnic minority areas,due to the influence of unfavorable factors of the geographical environment,where a large number of the population is poor,and the degree of poverty is high,the rate of returning to the poverty is high. Hence,it is very difficult to realize the national goal of building a moderately prosperous society. Thus,we must insist upon the ongoing theme of ＂development＂,＂accelerating development＂or,enabling a ＂leaping development＂. Accelerating economic development and realizing the equalization of basic public service supply are the two main themes of economic development in ethnic minority areas. The focus of the government support is to speed up the transformation and upgrade of the industrial structure in the ethnic minorities regions;strengthen the development of the non-agricultural industries,especially tertiary industries,so as to promote urbanization,including integrating the city and the countryside; to accelerate the reform of traditional farming and animal husbandry,modify and improve the competitiveness of agricultural and animal husbandry products and market scope by the use of ＂Internet Plus＂; increase farmers＇ income so as to narrow the gap between city and rural areas;focus on the construction of beautiful rural areas through good planning for rural construction in accordance with the ethnic and regional situations;improve the living conditions of all ethnic peopleby further improving the quality of life; focus on the construction of rural infrastructure; realize the integration of county and township economy by strengthening the grass-roots economies; focus on strengthening vocational-technical-secondary education in ethnic regions through which the ethnic minority people＇s labor skills will be improved based on solidifying basic education,and improvement of the quality of basic education; focus on strengthening the construction of cultural infrastructure of ethnic minority regions through the support of the development of public culture and cultural industries; and promote sustainable transmission and development of excellent traditional cultures of the various ethnic minorities. For those ethnic minorities living in the city,special attention should be paid on improving their housing conditions and their labors employment.