基于居民收益的扎龙保护区鹤类损害分析

The Damage Analysis from Cranes in Zhalong Nature Reserve Based on Residents' Economic Benefits

为了深入了解鹤类损害情况,2014年3~5月,采用问卷调查法对扎龙保护区进行了调查分析,结果表明该保护区：（1）鹤类损害的农作物种类以玉米为主（100%）;损害时间为春季苗期和秋季完熟期（100%）,春季损害程度大于秋季;春季鹤类偏好选择2~5片叶（94.32%）、回避超过7片叶（100%）的幼苗阶段且具有大面积损害的特点;秋季鹤类偏好取食成熟饱满的玉米颗粒;鹤类损害的经济程度为0.24万元/年/户。（2）受害居民的年均收入为3.255 8万元/户;家庭经济来源以农业耕种、打鱼、收割苇草、动物养殖和外出劳务为主。（3）受偿意愿方面,受害居民具有强烈的保护意识（100%）;绝大多数受害居民期望得到补偿（89.15%）;期望的补偿方式比较多样化,包括货币、实物（种子、化肥等）、政策性（银行贷款等）（93.04%）及技术性（种植技术、防护技术等）（6.96%）;期望赔偿的承担方也比较多样,包括保护区（51.30%）、国家（27.45%）、地方政府（19.13%）等。基于分析结果,提出了相应的鹤类损害管护建议。

Large numbers of villagers have always lived in and around Zhalong National Nature Reserve（ZNNR）.The natural environment and resources of the reserve provide habitat for cranes and income for villagers.During the breeding and migration periods,cranes feed in croplands within the reserve and this reduces economic benefits to villagers.We surveyed villagers between March and May of 2014 in ZNNR.Interviews were carried out using questionnaires in 8 villages in the reserve.The main agricultural crops damaged by cranes was corn（maize）（100%）.The time of damage was the sowing stage in spring and full-ripening stage in autumn（100%）.Damage in spring was greater than in autumn.Cranes preferred seedlings with 2-5 leaves（94%）and avoided seedlings with 7 leaves or more in spring（100%）,and crop damage in spring covered large areas.In autumn,cranes preferred to eat full bodied corn kernel.The monetary amount of crane damage was 2400 CNY/year/household.The annual household income was 32 558 CNY/year in ZNNR,from farming,fishing,reed and grass harvesting,livestock breeding and labor service.All villagers had a strong conservation consciousness（100%） and most of them expected some proper compensation（89%）.They expected various ways of compensation,including monetary and physical（crop seed,fertilizer）,policy compensation（low- interest and interest-free loans from banks）（93%）and technical compensation（planting and protection technology）（7%）.And the responsible party they expected also varied,including the nature reserve（51%）,the state（27%）,the local government（19%）.Based on the findings,we recommend crane protection and crop damage management in the reserve.