军事语汇研究之“同志”“comrade”与“товарищ”比较

Comparison of Military Words Chinese ＂tongzhi＂ English ＂comrade＂ and Russian ＂товарищ＂

在指称武装部队中的军人时，汉语中常用“同志”，对应的英语和俄语分别为“comrade”与“товарищ”。从词源、词形、词义等不同角度考察，三个词存在着一定差别。就军事领域的使用而言，汉语和俄语采用称呼语“同志”和“товарищ”，能够发挥语言的建构功能，有利于建立并保持有别于社会人之间的平等战友关系。在英语军事话语中，“comrade”被用于指称军人，它不用作称呼语，目的是强调上下等级关系。

When calling the service man in armed forces, Chinese word ＂tongzhi＂ is often used. This word corresponds to the English word ＂comrade＂ and ＂товарищ＂, and these three words are different from the perspective of etymology, word form and word meaning. In the military language context, Chinese and Russian use address ＂tongzhi＂ and ＂товарищ＂, which can develop language construction function, help to establish and keep the equal mili- tary relationship. In the English military discourse, ＂comrade＂ is used to refer to service man, but not to call service man in order man in order to emphasize the hierarchical relationship.