东亚儒家教育哲学新探

Educational Philosophy of East Asian Confucianism: A New Perspective

在东亚儒家教育哲学中,"教育"是一种内省的自得之学,是一种"为己之学",教育的目的在于激发"自我主体性的觉醒"。东亚儒家教育哲学建立在其人性论的基础之上,认为人"心"具有价值判断能力,人的"心"是价值意识的创发者,故教育可以转化并提升学习者的生命。儒家教育哲学的人性论基础,涉及两个理论问题:"心"与"理"之关系,以及"知"与"行"之关系。儒家的教育方法特重"心的淬炼",并强调"心的淬炼"必须在具体情境中经历考验,才能"下学而上达";儒家教学也重视近师长,并因材施教。中、日、韩等地的传统儒家书院学规,集中论述了儒家教育理念在书院的落实。展望21世纪,唯有融贯"出乎其外"与"入乎其内"的教育方式,才能透过"自我的转化"扩而充之,达到"世界的转化"。

According to the educational philosophy of East Asian Confucianism,education,aimed at'awakening one's moral subjectivity',is an introspective'learning for oneself'. The educational philosophy of East Asian Confucianism is based on its the-ory of human nature: The'mind-heart'of human beings is capable to make value judgments and even it is the originator of value awareness,so that education can transform and elevate the life state of a learner. This involves two theoretical issues,that is,the relationship between'mind-heart'and'principles',and the relationship between'knowing'and'acting'. Educational methods of Confucianism emphasize the'refining of mind-heart',claiming that the 'refining of mind-heart'must be achieved in concrete circumstances,without which it cannot 'examine human affairs and natural matters to master the principles of nature'. Confucian education also highlights a close relationship between students and teachers and appropriate teaching methods in accordance with students' talents. The regulations of traditional Confucian academies in China,Japan and Korea reflect the implementation of Confucian educational ideals. Looking forward into the future,we claim that only a successful combination of an'external'and an'internal'approach in education can pave the way from the'transformation of self'to the'transformation of the world'.