20世纪中期美国的政府雇员工会与城市治理——以纽约环境卫生危机为个案

Municipal Unions and City Governance in Mid-Twentieth America: A Case Study of the Sanitation Crisis in New York City

政府雇员工会是美国劳工组织的重要组成部分,在20世纪中期,其规模迅速扩大,斗争性也不断增强。1968年纽约环卫工人联合会罢工使1960年代以来的纽约市环境卫生恶化达到顶峰,严重扰乱了城市生活。但在更深层次上,罢工是"二战"以来工会规模扩大、斗争性增强的结果,也是战后城市危机的表现之一。环卫工人联合会是纽约市规模庞大的政府雇员工会,以往的劳工运动研究往往忽视了这一群体。考察1968年环卫工人联合会罢工的起源、经过与影响,可以展示政府雇员工会在城市治理中所扮演的角色。政府雇员工会是城市政治天平上的重要砝码,城市政府顺利行使公共职能离不开前者的支持。同时,包括政府雇员工会在内的整个工会体系,是资本主义制度化的政治力量,是美国政治经济乃至社会生活中不容忽视的力量,维持着资本主义社会的动态平衡。

Disrupting urban life,the strike of the Uniformed Sanitationmen's Association of New York City pushed the city's sanitation problems to its highest level. The strike derived from union's arising militancy and increasing scale after the Second World War,signifying the urban crisis throughout U. S. major cities. With the Uniformed Sanitationmen's Association as one of them,municipal unions is an important part of the American labor organization system,which was almost absent in previous researches. This paper probes the origin,development and impacts of the strike in order to demonstrate that on the one hand,municipal unions constitute a balancing power in urban politics and their support plays an important role in municipal public service; on the other hand,municipal unions constitute an institutionalized power,which is positive to the dynamic equilibrium of a society of capitalism.