《巴黎协定》与国际减缓气候变化合作模式的变迁

Paris Agreement and the Transformation of International Climate Mitigation Cooperation

由于温室气体排放的全球外部性属性,减缓气候变化必须通过国际合作实现,必须体现一定程度的中央集权,考虑参与主体广泛性、减缓行动的范围和行动力度三大要素。《联合国气候变化框架公约》《京都议定书》及其"多哈修正案""坎昆协议"等方案,对中央集权程度和三大要素各有取舍,构建了不同的国际减缓气候变化合作模式,但从实践看都未能解决国际减缓合作的问题。《巴黎协定》构建了"承诺+审评"的新模式,有望实现参与主体和行动范围的全覆盖,并通过透明度、遵约和全球盘点机制鼓励各参与方提高行动力度。然而要实现公约目标和科学应对气候变化的要求,《巴黎协定》下的国际减缓合作必须通过强化资金、技术、能力建设机制来保障,并通过进一步明确中长期量化目标来促进各方提高行动力度。

Climate mitigation can only be achieved through international cooperation,due to the global externality of greenhouse gas emissions,which asks policy centralization somehow and should take into account the wideness of participation,scope and ambition of mitigation actions.Several approaches were established or designed to address the international climate mitigation cooperation,including UNFCCC,Kyoto Protocol and its Doha Amendment,Cancun Agreements,etc.These approaches take trade-off among participation,scope and ambition in different ways,however,none of them successfully addressed the issue.The Paris Agreement established a mitigation cooperation approach called ＂pledge and review＂,which could be satisfied with wide participation,full range of mitigation scope,and would partially address the matter of ambition by the transparency,compliance and global stock take mechanism as set.To achieve the objectives and the goals set up by the Convention and Paris Agreement,there is a need to enhance and functionalize finance,technology and capacity-building mechanisms to help developing countries enhance their capabilities for mitigation cooperation,while there is still a need for setting mid-long-term quantified global mitigation goal to enable and facilitate participants to raise the level of ambition.