公平:中考命题质量的衡量标准——基于考生非学习因素的分析

On the Equity of Evaluation Quality of Secondary School Entrance Examination——An Analysis Based on Examinees' Non-intellectual Factors

随着教育研究的深入推进,公平已成为考试招生制度改革的基本价值取向,也是中考命题质量的衡量标准之一。当前,考生身份背景和生活经历等非学习因素越来越成为影响中考公平的主要因素之一。这些非学习因素的特征主要有三个:一是隐性的,而非显性的;二是整体的,而非局部的;三是至关重要,而非可有可无。考生身份背景和生活经历等非学习因素造成了考生的四重差别:阶层差别、城乡差别、区域差别和校际差别。因此,中考命题相关机构与人员应省察考生在身份背景与生活经历等非学习因素方面存在的差异。在选择中考命题背景材料时,应坚持三个基本原则:基于标准原则、弱干扰原则和启发性原则。

With the development of researches on education, equity is becoming the core of the reform of examination and enrollment system. It is also one of the indispensible quality evaluations of the secondary school entrance examination. Currently, the examinees＇ non-intellectual factors, such as their background and personal experiences are becoming major factors which influence the equity of the secondary school entrance examination. The non-intellectual factors have three main features： firstly, it is implicit, but not explicit; Secondly, it is integral, but not partial; Thirdly, it is crucial, but not dispensable. There are four differences among examinees because of the non-intellectual factors： class difference, the difference between urban and rural areas, regional difference and differences from schools. Therefore, the organizations and their staff in charge of the secondary school entrance examination should consider the examinees＇ differences concerning non-intellectual factors. When choosing the background materials for the secondary school entrance examination, three basic principles need to be considered： the new standard of curriculum as the basic standard,the weak interference principle and the heuristic principle.