专属经济区概念的提出与美国的反应(1970—1983)

The Birth of the Concept of Exclusive Economic Zone( EEZ) and the Reactions of the United States( 1970- 1983)

最初美国反对专属经济区概念,希冀以国际托管区替代专属资源区,后来基于国内外压力增强、实现国家安全目标和达成海洋法条约的考虑,逐渐接受专属经济区概念。最终,美国以全面方案包含满意的经济区内外制度和不受阻止地通过用于国际航行的海峡为条件,正式同意专属经济区概念。出于国家安全利益的考量,美国坚持保留专属经济区的航行和飞越自由及其公海地位,最后前者得以实现,后者以妥协方式解决。美国是专属经济区制度的受益者,其专属经济区政策反映了海洋政策优先考虑事项的变化,体现了对海洋制度建立的领导权与话语权的追求,专属经济区谈判则展现了沿海发展中国家与发达海洋大国之间的博弈。

Initially,the U. S. opposed the idea of EEZ,hoping to replace exclusive resource zones with UN Trust Territories instead. However,in order to relieve increasing domestic and international pressures,to fulfill national security objectives,and to reach agreements on maritime laws,the U. S. gradually conceded to and accepted the concept. Finally,the concept with conditions was officially endorsed by the U. S.. Based on national security considerations,the U. S. insisted on the preservation of the right to fly and sail over EEZs and of their legal status as international waters; the former claim was realized,while the latter was resolved via compromises. The U. S. benefitted from the EEZ system. Its policies on EEZ reflected the change of priorities in its maritime policy consideration,and demonstrated its pursuit of discourse power and leadership in the establishment of a maritime system. The negotiations on EEZ issues witnessed a gambling bout among coastal developing countries and great sea powers.