美国国家公园建构与印第安人命运变迁——以黄石国家公园为中心(1872—1930)

The Construction of National Park in the United States and the Vicissitudes of Native American's Life: The Case of Yellowstone in 1872- 1930

19世纪中后期,随着美国西部探险与开发的不断深入,黄石地区的自然景观开始引起美国社会的关注。在一批社会精英的推动下,黄石国家公园得以建立。在这些社会精英看来,被保护为黄石公园的土地是无人定居的荒野,但实际上,那是千百年来印第安人繁衍生息的家园。《黄石公园法》确立了保护自然资源与发展旅游的公园管理目标,但印第安人传统生活方式的延续对此构成了严重挑战。于是,印第安人被视为黄石公园的威胁而遭到驱逐。然而,为了迎合游客将国家公园视为边疆荒野的想象,公园管理者和旅游开发商将印第安人塑造成了重要的旅游吸引物,从而促成了印第安人在国家公园的"回归"。印第安人在美国国家公园运动中的遭遇,是美国征服印第安人政策在自然资源利用领域中的延续,反映了美国环境主义运动中非正义的一面。

With the development of the Westward Movement,the natural scenery of the Yellowstone region attracted the attention of American society since the mid-late 19~th century. Initiated by some elites,the Yellowstone National Park was established. In their view,this region was entirely unoccupied.However,it had long been the homeland of Native Americans. The Act of Dedication was enacted to preserve natural resources and develop tourism,which contradicted the survival of Native Americans.As a consequence,they were expelled. However,in order to cater to the imagination of tourists,park administrators and tourism developers used images of Native Americans as an attraction,resulting in their 'return'to the park. The treatment to Native Americans in this campaign was thus a continuation of the arrogant Native American policy of the U. S. : it was a facet of unjust American environmentalism.