中国宪法学言论自由观反思

Reflection on the Opinion of Free Speech of Constitutional Jurispredence in China

当前宪法学界通说认为言论自由是政治自由应受宪法第35条保护,然而第35条实际上却是个体自由条款。宪法第41条是真正的政治自由条款却被排除在言论自由宪法条款之外。这是从人权角度看待言论自由的个体自由一元观支配言论自由问题思考的必然结果。个体自由一元观会使我们以关系论意义的政治自由取代本质论意义的政治自由,从而将政治自由降低到个体自由的地位。从政治自由观出发,我们才能秉持本质论意义的政治自由,真正将政治自由从个体自由中区分出来。宪法第41条是政治自由观的产物,从人民主权的角度出发我们才能发现它作为言论自由条款存在的必要性和意义。阐明言论自由的两种不同理论来源,区分两种不同的言论自由观念,对言论自由的理论探讨和制度保护具有关键意义。

It is generally accepted that freedom of speech is political liberty and should be protected by Article 35 in Constitution, but Article 35 is actually an individual freedom clause. Article 41 is the real political liberty clause, while it has always been eliminated as the clause of supervision right. It is the inevitable result that we are dominated by the concept of individual freedom which is a standpoint we view free speech from individual perspective. When we only from the perspective of individual, we will make the mistake that replace the political liberty which comes from popular sovereign with the political liberty which can not exist in individual theory but borrow from the relationship from popular sovereign theory, and depreciate the political liberty to status of individual freedom. Article 41 is the result of concept of political liberty which is a standpoint we think free speech from the perspective of popular sovereignty.Differentiating the concept political liberty from concept individual freedom and clarifying the two distinguishing origin of free speech is critical for the study of free speech theory and the construction for free speech institutional protection.