黑色地膜覆盖对旱地玉米土壤环境和植株生长的影响

Effects of black film mulching on soil environment and maize growth in dry land

针对渭北旱塬地区使用普通白色地膜导致玉米生长出现的早衰、减产等问题,2012—2013年开展了黑色地膜覆盖、白色地膜覆盖和裸地玉米栽培试验,系统分析了黑色地膜对土壤温度、水分和玉米生长的影响。结果表明,黑色地膜与白色地膜的土壤保水效果相同,均使0—120cm土壤水分含量显著(P<0.05)高于裸地对照。与白色地膜覆盖相比,黑色地膜覆盖能够有效降低0—15 cm土壤白天温度,可以使白天0—15cm土壤日地温平均降低0.8℃。黑色地膜覆盖后,玉米的籽粒灌浆期延长,吐丝后单株干物质积累量快速增加。玉米生殖生长期较裸地栽培延长2—3 d,成熟期单株干物质积累量增加18.11%;较普通白色地膜覆盖玉米生殖生长期延长2 d,成熟期单株干物质积累量提高7.31%。黑色地膜覆盖玉米产量和水分利用效率显著提高(P<0.05),较白色地膜分别提高10.36%和10.40%,较裸地对照分别提高22.11%和25.28%。在旱地春玉米区,用黑色地膜代替普通白色地膜,对促进玉米增产具有一定的可行性。

The effects of black plastic film on soil temperature,moisture and maize growth were studied in the context of senescence and yield in comparison to the ordinary white plastic used in the Weibei area. The results showed that the black and white plastic provided the same degree of soil moisture retention of 0—120cm,significantly greater than the retention in bare land. Black plastic mulch could reduce the diurnal soil temperature; in comparison to white plastic film,it reduced the daily temperature variation in the 0—15cm soil to 0.8℃. Black plastic mulch could promote maize dry matter accumulation after spinning stage and extend reproductive growth. Unlike the growth in bare land cultivation,the reproductive growth period in maize could be extended by 2—3 days and the dry matter accumulation could increase by 18. 11% at maturity.Compared with the ordinary white plastic film,black plastic prolonged the reproductive growth period by two days and increased the dry matter accumulation by 7. 31% at maturity. Yield and water-use efficiency of maize grown with black plastic mulch increased by 10.36% and 7.39% in comparison to white plastic,and by 22.11% and 25.28% in comparison to bare land（ P〈0.05）. In this area,it may be possible to increase maize yields by replacing the ordinary white plastic film with black plastic film.