地震应急避难场所灾时运营中弱势群体救助管理技术体系研究

Study on the Management Technical System of Aid of Vulnerable Groups in Earthquake Emergency Shelters during the Disaster

地震应急避难场所灾时运营中对弱势群体管理关注较少,缺乏针对性的管理措施。在对国内外相关文献资料系统分析基础上,构建了地震应急避难场所灾时运营中弱势群体救助管理技术体系,包括疏散撤离管理技术、特殊环境救援指挥决策管理技术、住宿管理服务技术、饮食管理技术、特殊环境心理健康矫正技术、医疗环境卫生救助技术、应急文化管理技术及就业管理技术、弱势群体人机工效设计技术等。并将构建的弱势群体多元救助管理技术体系设计与汶川地震、玉树地震应急避难场所运营中弱势群体管理实际进行调查差异性分析。结果表明,多元化救助管理技术在一定程度上反映了地震应急避难场所灾时运营中弱势群体安置存在的几大问题,整体来看,被调查人群对弱势群体的整体安置服务存在不同程度的认知缺陷;对构建的救助技术体系持积极肯定评价,表明救助技术体系设置合理有效,获得了救助人群认同;有相当部分被调查人群对弱势群体人机工效设计技术也给予了高度评价,同时提出了很多改进建议。

Less attention has ever been focused on management of aid of vulnerable groups in earthquake emergency shelters during the disaster,and targeted management measures are absent. Based on systematic analysis on relevant documents at home and abroad,a management technical system of aid of vulnerable groups in earthquake emergency shelters during the disaster is constructed,including evacuation management technology,command decision management technology in special environments,accommodation management services,catering management technology,special psychological environment health correction technology,medical sanitation technical assistance,emergency management culture technology and employment management technology,vulnerable groups ergonomics design technology and so on. Investigation and difference analysis are done to the design of multiple vulnerable groups＇ relief management technology system constructed with the practical related experiences in Wenchuan earthquake and Yushu earthquake. The results indicate that the diversified relief management technology in a certain extent reflects the earthquake emergency shelter operation in vulnerable groups placed the main problems existed,overall,population survey of vulnerable groups as a whole placement services exist different degree of cognitive deficits. A positive evaluation is given to the rescue technology system,showing that setting of the system is reasonable and effective,and has gained recognition from the relief crowd; A considerable part of the surveyed population also gave a high evaluation of the design technology of vulnerable groups ergonomics,and puts forward many suggestions for improvement.