仲山父模式:西周户政制度初探

The Zhong Shanfu Model:On Population Management System in the Western Zhou

《周礼》中的户籍制度并非西周实录,《国语·周语上》"仲山父谏料民"章所记的"仲山父模式"才是考察早期户政的最重要的材料。它由"人""物""审之以事"三个控制系统构成:人的控制系统以"民姓"家族为单元,以征召民众执役为目的,以除去老弱、奸人为补充;物的控制系统以"牧""工"生产为基础,以"场"的贮藏为中间,以"廪"的出纳为结束;审之以事则以事的监督为核心。三种系统相互支撑,共同构成了西周户政制度的全部。仲山父模式具有团体性、具体性、间接性、伦理性、强制性等特征,反映了氏族部落社会向成熟国家社会过渡阶段的早期国家的普遍情景。

The household management system recorded in Zhou Rituals was not recorded practically,the most inportant materials for researching early Chinese household adininistration is the Zhong Shanfu Model which is demonstrated in Zhong Shanfu’s Address on population management in Guoyu.Zhouyu,the upper part.It consists of three parts：Firstly,the population management system,it was based on the extended family unit and aimed at enlisting the young healthy strong men,getting rid of the useless old,weak and bad people;Secondlly,the resource management system,it was a complete logistics system.Mu and Gong took charge the production,Chang and Lin were in charge of storage and cashier;Thirdly,the monitoring system,it inspected the farming and military and was a supplement.The three Control Systems aided mutually and made up the Wester Zhou’s household management system.It featured group,particularity,indirectness,morality and coersiveness,and reflected the transformation from tribal society to national society.