中国邮轮产业发展的国际法空间——以GATS、FTAs及双边协定中的国际法义务为中心

The legal space of the development of Chinese cruise industry under international law—centering on obligations of China under the GATS,FTAs and bilateral treaties

GATS、FTAs以及双边协定共同编织了中国邮轮产业发展的国际法空间,相关国内法规范以及政府行为均栖身其中。邮轮产业所涉GATS一般性义务包括提供最惠国待遇、国内监管接受约束以及竞争法领域的一般义务三项,市场准入与国民待遇的具体承诺涉及邮轮旅游和邮轮航运两大领域。针对具体承诺现状,今后在双边协定中不应给予对方服务和服务提供者实质性优惠待遇,国内监管应更注重监管方式的合理、客观和公正。同时,继续不开放内水邮轮产业,维持对香港独资设立旅行社的数量限制,继续将邮轮出境旅游服务保留给中国非外商投资的邮轮企业。

The GATS,FTAs and bilateral treaties together constitute a legal space of cruise industry under international law wherein related domestic law and regulations and governmental actions exist in it. General obligations under the GATS which are related to the cruise industry include： providing the MFN treatment,domestic regulation is under supervision,and obligations in antitrust law. As to specific commitments on market access and national treatment,they mainly involve cruise tourism and passenger transportation. Taking the current specific commitments into consideration,substantial preferential treatment should be withheld from service and service provider from contracting state in future bilateral treaties,and domestic regulation should be performed in a reasonable,objective and impartial manner. Meanwhile,inland cruise industry and outbound cruise tourism should be withheld from foreign-invested cruise enterprises,and the quantitative limitation on wholly-owned travel agencies in Hong Kong should be maintained.