论美国宪法中的行政组织法定原则

On the American Constitutional Principle that Administrative Office Should be Established by Law

美国独立革命超越了普通法传统,提出了行政组织法定原则,但并非基于依法行政的需要,而是防止政治腐败。立法对于行政组织的设置享有细密的规范权力,排除了组织法事项的"行政保留",但是宪法确立的总统领导责任构成了对国会宽泛的组织设置权限的制约。法院在裁判中不只维护了宪法的分权原则,案例法也成为美国行政组织法的重要渊源。我国行政组织法学研究同样需要某种宪政视野和思路。

The American Revolution transcends the legal tradition of common law and generates the doctrine of statutory administrative bureaucracy, which is not aiming at rule of law, but to prevent from the political corruption. The Congress alone has a broad and exclusive power to create and specify the de- tails of the administrative bureaucracy. However, the presidential leadership which is set up by constitu- tion makes up a check on that broad power. By giving judgement, the judicial branch also plays a positive role in maintaining the check and balance. Therefore the case law becomes an important legal resource of the organic law of administrative bureaucracy. Likewise, our research on organic law of administrative bureaucracy should also be conducted under some constitutional perspective.