法医昆虫学检验现场操作标准探讨

Discussion on Forensic Entomology Standards and Guidelines for the On-site Operation

法医昆虫学中昆虫或其它节肢动物检验常用于刑事案件的调查,其在此类案件中的作用日益突出。为使法医昆虫学相关技术得到更加广泛的应用,建立一套采集昆虫证据的标准操作方法显得十分必要。本文结合国际国内法医昆虫学现场操作标准的最新进展及刑事侦查实践经验,提出了一套适用于我国现场调查的法医昆虫学标准操作规程,内容包括工具的准备,昆虫证据的现场分布,昆虫样本采集及处理的详细方法,气象数据的获取、校正以及现场操作注意事项等。昆虫证据是命案现场重要的线索,应该被视为与血痕、指纹、毛发和纤维同样重要的物证。提出一套系统科学的操作方法不仅是为了防止昆虫证据被污染和破坏,更重要的是法医昆虫学的研究对象为活体,处理应更加谨慎。其中,昆虫样本的选择和处理方法会直接影响后续的昆虫种类鉴定、死亡时间的推断以及昆虫证据的法庭有效性,本文对此进行了重点阐述,以期规范法医昆虫学现场操作标准及程序,为我国法医昆虫学的科学研究和应用提供理论支持。

Forensic entomology, a discipline studying insects and other arthropods for forensic purpose, is becoming more important in criminal investigations. Because of the diverse professionals including pathologists and police officers who are at various levels to handle the involved evidential substances, therefore, common accepted and practiced forensic entomology standards and guidelines are essential. By referring to the latest collection standards and guidelines of forensic entomology and established criminal investigation practice home and abroad, we attempt to frame some new forensic entomology standards and guidelines to meet the actual requirements of our country. These standards and guidelines include an overview of the equipment for collecting entomological evidence, the distribution of the evidence; a detailed description of the methods to select and treat samples, plus to obtain and correct the meteorological data; and other matters required of more attention paid at crime scenes. A systematic and scientific approach should be set up in order to benefit not only for preventing the contamination or destruction of the evidence but also the care demanded in dealing with those living organisms. The methods of samples＇ selection and treatment have directly influenced upon the identification of insect＇s species and the determination of the postmortem interval as well as the judicial validity of the entomological evidences. In this paper, the emphasis places on the methods of samples＇ selection and treatment, with intention to standardize the forensic entomology procedures and build up a theoretical foundation for the better application of forensic entomology in our country.