日本国学与中国儒学的融合与分离

Fusion and separation of Kokugaku in Japan and Confucianism in China

日本国学与中国儒学之间的关系大致分为三个阶段,第一阶段:古代时期日本国学与中国儒学的大融合。虽然日本的国学者对日本江户时代中期以前的国学持有轻视或者否认的态度,但是江户时代以前,日本也存在着国学是不容置疑的,只不过江户时代以前的日本国学中,融入了大量的外来文化成分,其国学中融入了大量的儒学与佛教成分,以至于后来日本国学界认为,国学在江户时代中期后才真正发展。第二阶段:近代时期日本国学与中国儒学的分离。日本近代的国学者大都排斥中国的儒学,日本近代的国学与中国的儒学开始分离。当然,近代日本国学与中国儒学的分离既是相对的,也是复杂的,即使日本的国学畸形发展到日本主义时期,也并没有真正与中国儒学完全彻底分割。第三阶段:现代时期日本国学与中国儒学的再融合。二战后,风靡于战前的"国学"概念,好像淡出了日本学术界。虽然近几年日本右翼复古思想开始抬头,但这不是日本现代国学界的学术主流。实际上,日本的"国学"研究一直也没停止过,现代的日本"国学",经过近代日本四大国学家的极力排斥,经过暂时的分离,出现了与中国儒学再融合的趋势。

The fusion and separation of Japan's Kokugaku and China's Confucianism is a relative cultural phenomenon. In fact,Japan's Kokugaku has never really separated from China's Confucianism. The process,which refers to the fusion and separation of Japan's Kokugaku and China's Confucianism,has three stages. The first stage is the fusion between Japan's Kokugaku and China's Confucianism. Before the mid Edo period,although the scholars who studied Kokugaku held an attitude of contempt or denial toKokugaku in Japan,yet it also has the indisputable opinion to the Kokugaku at this stage. However,in this period,lots of foreign cultures are fused in Japan's Kokugaku. Among these foreign cultures,Confucianism and Buddhism are mostly borrowed in Kokugaku. Thus,the academe of Japan's Kokugaku regards the later period of Edo as the real development stage of Japan's Kokugaku. The second stage is the separation of Japan's Kokugaku and China's Confucianism in modern period. In this period,most of Kokugaku scholars reject China's Confucianism. Therefore it promotes Kokugaku's separation with China's Confucianism.This is obviously a relative and an intricate process. It means even though Japan's Kokugaku has developed into the stage of Japanism,it has never been completely separated with China's Confucianism. The third stage is the refusion of Japan's Kokugaku and China's Confucianism in the contemporary period. After WWII,it seems that the Kokugaku which is a prevalent study in prewar fades away of Japanese academe. In recent years,although the thought of restoration of Japanese Right Wing is on the rise,it hasn't become the academic mainstream of contemporary Japan's Kokugaku. Actually,the research of Japan's Kokugaku has never been stopped. After experiencing the extremely rejection of four main scholars in Kokugaku,Contemporary Japan's Kokugaku tends to refusion with China's Confucianism.