黑暗中的智慧之花——中世纪大学教师探微

Wisdom Source of the Dark Ages——Study on University Teachers in the Middle Ages

随着欧洲社会的发展和城市化的兴起,对知识的渴求使得一批有识之士聚集在一起坐而论道,逐渐形成了中世纪大学。中世纪的大学教师为争取教师资格授予权和学位资格授予权与教会和王权周旋。他们的收入来源起初主要是学生自愿给予的"感谢金",后来随着大学教师地位的日益提高,"感谢金"被固定的薪资制度所取代。由于大学教师的特殊身份,他们不仅在司法审判中享有特权,还拥有免税权、罢课权,这些特权是中世纪大学教师学术自由的重要保证。

With the growth and urbanization of European society,people with breadth of vision gathered together to explore knowledge,which gradually formed the medieval university. Teachers of medieval university strove for the right to award teachers' qualification and students' degree against the church and the crown. At first the medieval university teachers' salary was primarily composed of gratuity which students paid voluntarily in order to express thanks. As the status of university teachers improved,fixed salary replaced gratuity and became the main source of teachers' income. Due to the special identity,medieval universities' teachers not only had the litigation privilege,but also enjoyed the duty and tax free privileges and the right to strike. These privileges are important guarantee of academic freedom.