民主集中制与中国共产党的组织形态:基于生态适应性的分析

Democratic Centralism and CCP's organizational morphology:Analysis Based on Ecological Adaptation

民主集中制是中国共产党的根本组织原则和组织制度,对中国共产党的组织形态具有基础性的塑造作用。从生态适应性的角度看,中国共产党的民主集中制起源于革命战争年代,是适应这一特定生态环境的产物,由此形成的组织形态具有意识形态一元化、克里斯玛型组织领袖、理想主义组织文化、金字塔式组织体系、组织纪律军事化、全覆盖组织网络、全方位组织功能等七项特征,是一种强调集中、效率和服从的组织形态。同时,中国共产党组织形态也在不断变迁,适应生态环境的方式也有所变迁,大致经历了民主革命时期以被动式适应为主、社会主义建设时期以改造式适应为主以及改革开放时期以创新式适应为主的三个阶段的发展,从总体效果上看,较好地适应了生态环境,有效地发挥了组织功能,实现了组织目标,但民主革命时期形成的强调集中有余、强调民主不足的组织形态依然存在着巨大的路径依赖效应,"如何民主地集中"这一民主集中制核心命题仍未得到根本解决。因此,如何进一步创新民主集中制理论与实践,优化组织形态,完善组织功能,更好地适应生态环境的变迁,推进党和国家治理现代化,仍然是新形势下党的建设的一项重大课题。

As the fundamental organizational principle and organizational institution of the Chinese Communist Party（CCP）,democratic centralism has played a fundamental role in shaping CCP＇s organizational morphology. From the perspective of ecological adaptation, since the CCP＇s democratic centralism is originated in the democratic revolution era, therefore it is the product of particular ecological environment, its morphology thus is characterized by one ideology, charismatic leader, idealism organizational culture, pyramid organizational structure, militarization of organizational discipline, full-range coverage organizational network, comprehensive organizational functions which emphasizing concentration, efficiency and obedience. Meanwhile, the CCP＇s organizational morphology undergoes a three adaptation style-three period change： passive adaptation in the democratic revolution period, transformational adaptation in socialist construction period, and innovative adaptation in the reform and opening-up period. In general, this change enables CCP to adapt to the environment more effectively. But the traditional organizational morphology formed in the democratic revolution era still has a huge path dependence effect, and the democratic centralism core issue-how to concentrate democratically- has not been completely resolved. Therefore, how to innovate CCP＇s democratic centralism theory and practice, optimize its organizational morphology, improve its organizational functions in order to adapt to the ecological environment changes and promote the modernization of the party and state governance more effectively, is still a major issue of CCP＇s party building agenda.