论“行政特许”对“民商事特许”的借鉴

On “Administrative Franchise” Referencing from “Civil and Commercial Franchise”

学理上的行政特许概念缺乏基本共识,可通过借鉴与之相关的民商事特许明确其内涵。行政特许可借鉴民商事特许的理由包括历史依据和理论依据。历史依据是两种特许延续至今的渊源关系;理论依据是法律的自创生理论、公私法融合的趋势、行政法的建构性。借鉴有消极、积极两种方式。两种特许的相异之处是消极借鉴的基础;共通之处是积极借鉴的基础。行政特许应消极借鉴民商事特许的有两点:一是营利性的废除,行政主体不应像民商事特许那样把特许当作赚取特许权使用费的工具,而应以公共服务为宗旨。二是特许人责任,不宜比照民商事特许的特许人一般不对特许承担责任,行政主体应对特许事业和公众承担必要公法责任;行政特许应积极借鉴民商事特许的亦有两点:一是学习民商事特许的"品牌维护制度",以提高行政特许事业声誉和吸引民间资本加入行政特许。二是借鉴民商事特许的"信息披露制度",明确各方权利义务,以便对行政主体和被特许人的监督。通过借鉴使内涵得到优化的行政特许,可为公共服务改革和公私合作提供更为完善的制度框架。

Although the concept of administrative franchise lacks basic consensus academically, it can define its connota- tion by referring to some related civil and commercial franchises. There are history and theory reasons for administrative fran- chise reference civil and commercial franchise. The history reasons lie in that there is original relationship making the two fran- chises remains alive; autopoietic theories, the tendency of the merging of public law and private law, and the constructivism of administrative law are the theory reasons. There are negative way and positive way of reference.The divergence of the two fran- chises is the basis for negative reference, and the common of the two franchises is the basis for positive reference. The negative reference has two points： firstly, administrative subject should abolish administrative franchise＇s profit, they should not make the administrative franchise the tool of earning franchise royalties as civil and commercial franchise dose; secondly, the respon- sibility of franchisor is inadvisable to reference the civil and commercial franchisor＇s as they usually do not undertake the respon- sibility of franchise, however, administrative subject should undertake the necessary public law responsibility. There are also two points for the positive reference： firstly, learn the system of brand protection from the civil and commercial franchise to improve the reputation of administrative franchise and attract the injection of private capital; secondly, introduce in the infor- mation disclosure system to make the rights and obligations definite, and that is for inspecting the administrative subjective and franchisee. The optimization of connotation of administrative franchise can deepen the reformation of public service and provide more complete institutional framework for public--private cooperation.