兼容史论与文论的人文审视——德·利哈乔夫文艺思想论要

Likhachyov's Literary Thoughts and Humanistic Ethics

利哈乔夫是20世纪俄罗斯文学史和文化史界的大学者,其《古俄罗斯文学诗学》被视为俄语文学研究经典,人文视野十分宽广。他虽不是文论家,但在俄罗斯古典文学及现代文化问题研究中,却大量涉及"知识分子特性"、"文化性"、形式主义、现实主义等人文理论问题。他将"知识分子特性"理解为人应该具备的理想的人文伦理状态;他所理解的"文化性"提倡在人与自然等量齐观的语境中审视文化,是人与自然和谐相处、相伴共生的一种大人文伦理秩序;他从"长远的时间"出发以文学史实批驳形式文论的"陌生化",强调现实主义与"历史感悟性"及人道主义的紧密相连。利哈乔夫既坚守俄罗斯人文学科的优秀传统,又不失与时俱进的创新精神。他能够把历史主义的学科传统和现代人文前沿观念有机融合,以文史兼容的方法推进文艺思想研究的发展。

Dmytry Likhachyov was an outstanding scholar in the studies of both Russian literary history and cultural history, leaving behind Poetics of Old Russian Literature, a monumental work of Russian literary study with a wide humanistic vision. Stictly speaking, Likhachyov was not a literary theorist, but his researches on Russian classical literature and Russian contemporary culture did touch upon a wide range of humanistic theoretical matters, contributing original and remarkable views concerned with the intellectuals＇ humanistic ethics, the construction of the concept of culture, the criticism of formalism, and the rethinking of realism. In his opinion, intellectualness should be considered an ideal humanistic ethical status that man can have, and culture means a humanistic ethical order focusing on the balance between man and nature. As a senior literary historian breaking the tether of formalism, he argued that the coincidence of the development of Russian historical science and realism in the mid-19 th century and after was not fortuitous, but related to the historical perceptuality, the understanding of the the change of the world and aesthetical principles. In so doing, Likhachyov established himself on one hand the heir of the excellent traditions of Russian humanities, and on the other hand, an innovator advancing with the times. As such, he succeeded in integrating organically the disciplinary traditions of historicism and the cutting-edge ideas of contemporary humanities, promoting the development of literary thoughts and the study of them.