法国大革命:变迁、结构、话语——以《旧制度与大革命》为中心

French Revolution:Change,Structure and Discourse—Taking The Old Regime and the Revolution as Center

要解读托克维尔眼中的法国大革命,必须站在大革命所表现的"时间性"上的"连续性"去理解其改革悖论;而解构托克维尔的改革悖论,则可以运用社会运动研究的基本视角:变迁、结构、话语。社会变迁中的法国社会正处于不稳定的转型期,一旦政府有效性下滑,在社会心理上产生的相对剥夺感则会触发大革命;社会结构上,国家层面的中央集权制,社会层面的社会阶层分裂,以及两者之间又缺乏中间纽带使得社会极易失控爆发革命;在话语层面,则表现为政治上的合法性危机,权力真空下的意识形态话语权则被缺乏政治经验的文人所乘虚掌握。当下转型期的中国社会也在面临着各类社会状况和社会风险,法治中国的建设给中国的社会治理提供了价值规范,降低了社会失控的风险。

To understand the French revolution in Tocqeville＇s eyes,we should take a stand of＂timeliness＂on the＂continuity＂to understand Tocqeville＇s reform paradox;and to deconstruct his reform paradox,we can use the basic perspective in the social movements research：Change-Structure-Discourse.Social changes in the French society is in the instable transitional period,once the government＇s effectiveness declines,on the social psychology of relative deprivation will trigger a revolution;as for social structure,because of the centralism at the national level and the social class division at the social level and lacking the middle link between nation and society,it makes the society lose the control of revolution easily;at the discourse level,it shows the legitimacy crisis in politic.The literati with little political experiences controlled the ideological discourse in the power vacuum and their discourse helps to stir the outbreak of the revolution.The transition of Chinese society are facing similar social status as the French revolution,the rule of law construction of China to Chinese social governance provides a value standard,reduce the risk of social control.