冀西北坝下地区农户春玉米施肥现状调查与分析

Investigation and Analysis of Present Situation of Household Fertilization on Spring Maize in Baxia Area of Northwest Hebei Province

为了解冀西北坝下地区春玉米施肥现状,指导农户科学施肥,2014年通过问卷调查方式,对春玉米产量和肥料养分资源投入状况进行调查分析。结果表明:冀西北坝下地区春玉米平均产量10 244kg/hm^2;N、P_2O_5、K_2O的平均施用量分别为209.0kg/hm^2、106.7kg/hm^2和56.2kg/hm^2,N∶P∶K=1∶0.51∶0.27;春玉米氮肥施用不足和过量问题同时存在,施磷量偏高与施钾量偏低的农户比例分别为47.2%与52.8%,施用有机肥的农户仅占总调查农户数量的11.3%;磷酸二铵基肥配合尿素追肥的传统施肥模式在冀西北坝下地区仍占主导地位,春玉米氮肥和磷肥偏生产力分别为49.0kg/kg和96.0kg/kg。建议:冀西北坝下地区春玉米种植一方面应通过选择优良品种和改进栽培技术充分挖掘产量潜力;另一方面应建立高产高效的施肥调控技术体系。

In order to understand present situation of household fertilization on spring maize and to put forward the reasonable proposal of maize fertilization in Baxia area of northwest Hebei Province,investigation and analysis for yield and nutrients resource application were carried out by questionnaire method in 2014.The results showed average yield of spring maize was 10 244kg/hm^2,and fertilizer application rate of N,P_2O_5 and K_2O was 209.0kg/hm^2,106.7kg/hm^2 and 56.2kg/hm^2 respectively,the proportion of fertilizer（N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O）on spring maize was 1∶0.51∶0.27.Problems of surplus and deficiency existed in N fertilization input,P application rate was high and K application rate was low,the rate was 47.2% and 52.8% respectively,and only 11.3% farmers applied organic fertilizer.The traditional mode of diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer with urea as top dressing was still dominant in Baxia Area of Northwest Hebei Province.The average PFP（partial factor productivity）of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer were 49.0kg/kg and 96.0kg/kg respectively.Therefore,through fully analyzing relationship of yield,fertilizer application rate and PFP,on one hand fine varieties were selected and cultivation techniques should be fully improved for yield potential of spring maize,on the other hand fertilization technology system of high yield and high efficient should be set up.