批判地认识辩证唯物主义的尝试

An Attempt to Recognize the Dialectical Materialism Critically

为了对辩证唯物主义这一新型哲学进行批判地认识,本文就其产生、对象以及遗留的问题进行了探讨。文章首先讨论了作为哲学之否定的哲学,认为,马克思和恩格斯一开始是笼统地否定哲学,最后则是否定以往那种意义上的哲学,这乃是一种积极的否定。接着文章考察了这一新型哲学的对象,认为辩证唯物主义的对象并非是"辩证法规律",而是假设为普遍的辩证过程,构成其内容的是各门科学的确定事实。最后,文章就一些已经提出但并未解决的问题进行了探讨,这些问题包括意识和物质问题,发展问题以及认识论问题。

In order to have a dialectical cognizance of the new philosophy of dialectical materialism,this article would examine its production,object and questions left. The philosophy,as a negation of philosophy,would be discussed at first.Because of the existence of the confrontations among all kinds of philosophies,the founder of a certain philosophical system would usually not only negate other philosophical theories but also negate the philosophy itself. And the purpose of this negation is to declare that its own theory is radically different from something that is called philosophy formerly.As for Marx and Engels,at first they negated philosophy itself absolutely and generally,and at last they only negated the philosophy before.The latter is undoubtedly an active negation,and it has two aspects of meaning,the negation means that,Marx and Engels overcame the opposition of the philosophical world outlook,which is immanent to those former philosophies,especially to the idealist philosophy,and the rich and colorful scientific knowledge.On the other hand,the negation means that,Marx and Engels grasped the tradition of materialism and the method of dialectical thought critically.In view of this kind of negation,Marx and Engels set about creating a new type of philosophy. Materialism is not only opposed to idealism but also opposed to the metaphysical,anti-dialectical materialism.Here the materialist dialectics became the key point.Thus this article analyzed the well-known concept of,"the rule of dialectics"in relation to the rule of basic science.And the conclusion is that the object of dialectical materialism is not"the rule of dialectics"but the dialectical process that is supposed to be general.The content of this dialectical process consists of the determinate facts of all kinds of science:the movement, change and development in the nature,society and cognition. Therefore the materialist dialectics is a general theory of movement,change and development.It is also could be said that the materialist dialectics generalizes those special theories of movement,change and development that are established by a series sciences such as biology,geology,astrophysics, sociology and so on. At last,those questions that have been brought forward but not yet solved was examined.The first reviewed concept is the one of material.It could be found that in fact dialectical materialism did not bring forward its own philosophical concept of material,that is,it did not give a concept of material that can distinguish itself from the former metaphysical(anti- dialectical)materialism essentially.The second checked question is the one of dialectical development.It could be said that,to the Marxist philosophy as a theory on dialectical process,the centric concept is the one of general development. Here the development is understood as a process including all kinds of movements and changes,and its rule is dialectical contradiction.It is noticeable that although Marx and Engels used the concept of development,they yet did not define it. That means that they considered the content of this concept is very determinate because of the achievement of science. Therefore the general view of dialectical development,the centric concept of dialectical materialism,was not yet studied sufficiently within the works of the Marxist initiators.The final examined question is the one of epistemology.Marx and Engels transformed dialectically the epistemology of reflection. They differentiated theoretical cognition from experiential cognition(perceptual cognition)qualitatively,and argued that the theoretical conclusion could not be reduced to the perceptual material and the experimental cognition.Then this article would examine the theory of category in epistemology, and suggests that Marx and Engels did not pay a lot of attention to this question.Those categories discussed here include contingency and inevitability,possibility and actuality,and so on.Furthermore the question of truth in epistemology would be examined.It could be said that it is a very important characteristic of Marxist philosophy to consider the truth as the process and result of cognition.While doing so,this article also mentions the concept of practice and the proposition that the practice is the standard of the truth. As a Conclusion,it is hold that the philosophical theory of dialectical materialism is still in the period of formation.It is needed to establish and develop this theory creatively through the theoretical knowledge of scientific achievement and historical experience.