评生态学的马克思主义及其主要代表人物高兹

A Remark on Ecological Marxism and its Major Representative Figure Gorz

生态学的马克思主义已成为当今西方马克思主义中最有影响的思潮。本文对生态主义、生态社会主义以及生态学的马克思主义这三个不同的概念进行了区分,并对生态学的马克思主义的概貌进行了简要的介绍。在此基础上,文章具体分析了生态学的马克思主义的主要代表人物高兹,述解了其相关的四部著作,这四部著作是《劳动分工的批判》(1973),《生态学和政治》(1975),《经济理性批判》(1988),《资本主义、社会主义和生态学》(1991)。

Today ecological Marxism has been the most influential thought in western Marxism.However it is necessary to distinguish these three concepts of ecocentrism,ecological socialism and ecological Marxism.As for ecocentrism and ecological socialism,their bifurcations in many aspects reflect their differences of theoretical base and cultural value. Concretely speaking,the theoretical base of the former is anarchism and that of the latter is socialism;the cultural value of the former is postmodernism and that of the latter is modernism.As for ecological socialism and ecological Marxism,the former comprises but not amounts to the latter. That is,only those ecological socialists who possess intense Marxist tendency could be called as ecological Marxists. In general,ecological Marxists especially attach importance to Marxist methodology.And ecological Marxism is treated as a kind of political ecology in western world.A few viewpoints of ecological Marxism could be found in Dialectics of Enlightenment (1947) for the first time.But as a theoretical system,it appeared after 1960s and had three periods hitherto: the period of formation is in 1960s and 1970s;that of systematization is in 1970s and 1980s;that of development is after 1990s. Andre Gorz (1924-) is both an important figure of existentialist Marxism and a major theoretician of ecological Marxism.The former half of his life was related to Sartre and his existentialism.And since 1970s Gorz turned to the field of political ecology and became an ecological Marxist.His ecological Marxism has some larruping characteristics.First, his critique of contemporary capitalism from the perspective of ecology is most pungent and systematic.Second,he is probably the only one who argues for the necessity of establishing a socialist society directly in terms of the critique of the ecological crisis of contemporary capitalist society.Moreover, he describes the Utopian foreground of ecological socialism concretely and vividly. Four books of Gorz's would be introduced as following. In Critique of the Labor Division (1973),Gorz analyzed the endangerment and crisis of capitalist labor division from various viewpoints.From the critique of capitalist labor division did he retrace to the critique of technology in capitalist society.Relatively he analyzed the status and function of technological laborer. The publication of Ecology and politics (1975) was a mark that Gorz changed from an existentialist Marxist to an ecological Marxist.And this book established his status as the major representative figure of ecological Marxism.In this book,Gorz expounded the basic signification of political ecology.Gorz used his viewpoints of political ecology to analyze those ecologic problems nowadays and concluded that capitalist motive for profit would destroy ecological environment necessarily.It could be said essentially that capitalist crisis is nothing but ecological crisis.And the nuclear technique represents a political choice of despotism. Gorz attributed the ecological crisis in contemporary capitalist society to capitalist motive for profit.And capitalist motive for profit belongs to the category of capitalist economic reason.Thus he extended his critique from the former to the latter.That is the book of Critique of Economic Reason (1988). In this book,Gorz researched the source of capitalist ecological crisis from more abstract philosophical views.Concretely speaking,he discussed four questions:what is the crisis nowadays,what is economic reason,what is the endangerment of economic reason,how to exceed economic reason. After the upheaval of USSR and east Europe,Gorz published another important book:Capitalism,Socialism and Ecology (1991).The opinions in this book could be summarized as following.First,the best choice to protect environment is the advanced socialism.Second,the socialism of USSR offered a clownish caricature of basic capitalist characteristics.Third, people should produce fewer and live better.Four,the aim of left is to extend the scope of independent human activity and to increase the possibility of personal self-realization.