现成性与历史性——海德格尔与马克思会通之一

Vorhandenheit and Historicality——Heidegger and Marx

近代哲学把历史意识化的实质在于把历史性紧缩为现成性。这意味着存在者之根据要到意识中去寻找,认识论问题遂成哲学之显学。唯物史观与基础存在论对近代哲学的批判是决定性的,它们从根本上否定了其赖以安身立命的根基之何在——现成性及其根源即存在者根据问题,而达到了在历史中或在存在中理解事物的历史生存论境界,这就使近代直观的认识模式遭到了本质的驳斥。马克思与海德格尔的会通之处正在于此:他们均按照事物的首要而切近的存在方式来通达事物。现成性的终结与历史性的恢复由此成为可能。然而会通并不意味着相同。在存在者根据问题上,海德格尔就严重误读了唯物史观,"历史生产"被置于"辩证中介"之地位,与尼采的"强力意志"一起被视作形而上学的最后残余。对历史生产的重新解读可以有力地纠正海氏这一观点。

This essay intends to illustrate modernity of Marxist Philosophy in the light of Heidegger's interpretation,which has not been paid enough attention by the domestic scholars.The main defect of metaphysics,in which Hegel plays the key role, is to replace the sensual reality and objective activity with ideas and conceptions,which is the necessary result of understanding the truth of being with the compressed time structure. Metaphysical categories has expelled temporality which is the genuine ground of historicality.The essence of idealizing history in Modern Philosophy lies in condensing the historicality structure.This means that the ground of beings must be sought only in consciousness.Epistemology has therefore become the core of the philosophy.The animad- version on Mordern Philosophy by Materialist Conception of History and Foundation Ontology is desicive,for both of them have put an end to Vorhandenheit and the problem of beings' ground.Marx and Heidegger have reached a new horizon where they understand the beings in the dimension of history or being. This results in the impossibility of the modern epistemology's pattern.It is on this point that Marx and Heidegger conmunicate with each other historically.Both of them understand things exactly according to their primary and main mode of being.As a result of it,there come the end of Vorhandenheit and resumption of historicality.However,the conmunication on this standpoint between Marx and Heidegger doesn't necessarily mean identity of Materialist Conception of History and Foundation Ontology.It would be absolutely silly to deny the evident fact that there are some essencial differences between these two giants.Heidegger misun- derstands Materialist Conception of History severely on the problem of beings' ground.For instance,Marx's'Historical Production'has been wrongly installed in the same metaphysical place as the notion of Nietzsche's'Will to Power'.The re-explication of'Historical Production'can strongly correct Heidegger's misinterpretation.The contra- diction of Heidegger's interpretation shows that he has put Marxist Philosophy back into the context of metaphysical tradition,althought he recognizes something important in it.In this sense,we may say what Heidegger has required is only the 'conception'of Marxist philosophy,but not the'essence'. However,this does not make it impossible that with the help of his particular interpretation,we throws a new light on the modernity of Marxist Philosophy.