当代公民的幸福内涵导向及思考——基于德性主义与功利主义的视角

The Orientation and Thinking of the Happiness of Contemporary Chinese Citizens— Based on the Perspective of Virtue and Utilitarianism

亚里士多德的德性主义幸福观与边沁的功利主义幸福观分别适合于不同社会生态。在亚里士多德的幸福观里,公民希望过幸福的生活,就是希望过一种有德性的生活,共同体成员只有先具备德性的完善,然后才能够配享人生的幸福。边沁的幸福观以目的和结果作为衡量行为者的行为是否符合道德的标准,边沁将幸福等同于个人所获得的快乐,并且认为每个人的快乐与其他人的快乐具有同样的价值。通过对两种幸福观的社会、政治和文化条件进行比较,当代中国社会人群处于一个多元变化时代,公民的幸福内涵导向也应是多元模式。

Aristotle＇s virtue theory of happiness and Bentham＇s utilitarian concept of happiness are suitable for different social ecology. In Aristotle＇s view of happiness, the citizens who want to live a happy life are to live a life of virtue, and only when the community members have the virtues required, can they enjoy the happiness of life. On the contrary, in Bentham＇ s view of happiness, the purpose and result --pleasure and happiness-- are the standards of the actors＇ ethicality. Bentham will equate hap- piness with personal happiness, and holds that each person has the same value of happiness with others. By comparing the social, political and cultural conditions of the two kinds of happiness, it is proposed that as the contemporary Chinese social popu- lation is in a pluralistic era, the orientation of happiness advocated to them should be in multi - mode too.