晚年陆游的乡居身份与自我意识——兼及南宋“退居型士大夫”的提出

Lu You's Country Life and Self-consciousness in His Old Age——The Embodiment of “Retired Scholar-Official” in Southern Song Dynasty

在晚年家居山阴的二十年里,陆游写下了六千余首诗歌。通过对这些诗歌的仔细研读,本文尝试提出一个南宋"退居型士大夫"的概念。这个概念的提出,首先是基于陆游自己的身份意识。在其诗中,当陆游表述自己离开官场、回乡定居这一事实时,他喜欢使用"退居"一词,而当他提及自己的晚年身份时,则比较明确地将自身定义为"退士"。其次,本文考察了晚年陆游的声望与出处。一方面,他作为声誉卓著的诗人,即使僻处乡野,仍然在诗坛发挥影响力,吸引众多后进诗人登门求教;另一方面,在"庆元党禁"前后,他作为昔日的主战派官僚,既是韩侂胄试图笼络的对象,也是朱熹等在野士大夫观瞻的对象。这说明陆游即使退处乡里,也仍然具有全国性的声望和影响。再次,本文考察了陆游晚年的乡居意识。在其诗歌中,陆游不仅表现出一种"归耕"的意识,喜欢用"老农"来自称;而且也常常在诗中告诫子孙要以耕读传家。这反映出在宋代高度科举竞争的社会中,"仕宦不可常"作为一个社会法则已深深影响到士大夫官员对于子孙的期待。综合这些考察,本文认为,陆游是南宋"退居型士大夫"的一个代表,他晚年的诗歌创作揭示了这一特质。

During the remaining twenty years of his old age,Lu You had written more than 6000 poems,from which an image of'retired scholarofficial'came into being. Lu You was regarded as a'retired scholar-official'for three reasons. First of all,in these poems,he used'retired literati'to definite his personal identification. Secondly,on the one hand,Lu You still had a good reputation in literary and a great influence on political circles in his late years. Even if he lived in a remote village,many young poets still came to visit him and ask for his guidance. On the other hand,around the'Qingyuan Ban on Political Parties',Lu You who was a former war hawk was not only the target Han Tuo-zhou attempted to seduce,but also a model for the scholar-officials out of court,like the famous scholar Zhu Xi,to concern with. Lastly,in his poems,Lu You liked calling himself'Old farmer'and often exhorted his sons and grandsons to sustain the farming tradition. It indicated that the scholar-officials in Song Dynasty had realized the difficulty to stay in the officialdom for long. Based on the analysis,Lu You can be taken as a representative of'retired scholar-officials'in Southern Song Dynasty,which was revealed by his numerous late-life poems.