赋、比、兴与汉语诗性文本内部的心物关系结构类型

Fu,Bi and Xing and Internal Structure Type of the Relationship between Feelings and Objects of Poetic Chinese Texts

如何用客观外物去表现主观的思想情感这一问题,在汉语诗学中一直处于核心位置。作为汉语诗学的本源性概念,赋、比、兴处理的正是语言所呈现的"物"与主体的意、志、情之间的关联——在"赋"当中,对物本身的言说带有主观的情志抒发的功能;在"比"当中,外在事物是作为情感的喻体而呈现出来的;而在"兴"当中,外物的言说,则是要为情志的言说营造一种氛围。"兴"这一手法所能够达到的美学效果,与儒的含蓄婉约、道的自然天成、禅的意在言外都有重合之处,因此而受到汉语诗学的极力推崇;"赋"作为最为基本、最为朴素的修辞方式,在后来的汉语诗性文本中也能够普遍受到重视与应用;而"比"这种修辞方法,由于作为喻体而出现的自然景物与客观事件,同作为本体而存在的主观情志之间是靠理性结合的,很难像在"赋"和"兴"之中那样水乳交融,因此往往受到汉语诗学的贬抑。

The problem of how to use the objective objects to express the subjective thoughts and feelings has been in a core position in Chinese poetics. As an original concept of Chinese poetics,Fu,Bi and Xing are related to the associations between the objects presented by the language and the feelings of subjects. The writing skill of Xing can achieve the aesthetic effect,which is integrated with the implied meaning of Confucianism,the nature of Taoism and the between- the- line meaning of Zen. Therefore,it is highly praised by the Chinese poetics. Fu,as the most basic and simple way of rhetoric,is paid more attention to and put in application in the following poetic texts. However,Bi as a rhetoric skill tends to be in a derogatory state in Chinese poetics.