基于语法化理论的日语“名词+だ”结构研究

A Study of the Japanese “Noun+da” Construction Based on Grammaticalization Theory

名词谓语句、句末名词句和"形式名词+だ"型助动词句都以"名词+だ"结尾,但是三种句式中的"名词+だ"表现出不同的语法化倾向。构成名词谓语句的典型名词为事物名词,意义充实,不易发生语法化。构成助动词句的名词为形式名词,意义淡化,符合语法化的动因。构成句末名词句的事件名词位于二者之间,一方面表现出语法化倾向,但是语法化不够彻底。在结构上,名词谓语句多采取主题句结构,不利于语法化机制——重新分析的进行,助动词句多采取无主题句结构,有利于重新分析的发生。句末名词句具备主题句和无主题句两种结构,位于名词谓语句和助动词句之间。它们按照"名词谓语句→句末名词句→"形式名词+だ"型助动词句"的顺序,"名词+だ"的语法化从无到有、依次升高。

Nominal predicate sentences, final noun sentences and auxiliary verb sentences all end with ＂noun ＋た ＂ in Japanese,but the use of ＂noun＋da＂ in these three kinds of sentences shows different tendencies of grammaticalization. The typical noun forming a nominal predicate sentence is a substantial noun. The meaning is substantial and grammaticalization does not occur.The typical noun forming an auxiliary verb sentence is a dependent noun with a meaning that conforms to the motivation of grammaticalization. Nouns forming final noun sentences can be located between substantial nouns and formal nouns. In thiscase, grammaticalization tendency is shown, but the grammaticalization is not thorough. In the structure subsystem, a nominal predicate sentence always takes the topic sentence structure, which is not conducive to reanalysis by grammaticalization.Auxiliary verb sentences usually take no-topic sentence structure, which encourages reanalysis. Final noun sentences have both topic sentence structure and no-topic sentence structure, which places them between nominal predicate sentences and auxiliaryverb sentences. The grammaticalization of ＂noun＋da＂ rises successively in accordance with the ＂Nominal predicate sentence→ Final noun sentence→ Auxiliary verb sentence＂ order.