先秦“内圣外王”政治思想的渊源与形成——以《尚书》为核心的考察

The Origin and the Formation of the Thought of“Internal Saints and External Kings”During the Pre-Qin Period——The Shu King as the Core of the Study

颛顼"绝地天通"之后,治理者的权力主要来自对"圣"(宗教权)和"王"(军事权)的垄断,这不仅从甲金文中能够得到证实,而且传世文献《尚书·大诰》也证明在周初仍是圣王一体。商周变革,政治理性最早在周初开明贵族中产生,完善了早期圣王一体的模式,同时也为"圣""王"分化埋下了伏笔。西周末年理性逐渐解构了原有宗教信仰;同时在周天子权力弱化的情况下,圣王秩序崩溃。孔子在春秋秩序崩溃的背景下,以士人的身份对原有圣、王思想进行诠释、改造,提出了"内圣外王"的士人政治理想。

The power of ruler originated from the monopoly of saints and kings after Zhuanxu' disconnection of heaven from earth'. This could be confirmed not only from oracle bone inscriptions and inscription on bronzes,but also from Shangshu-Dagao. Political rationality firstly produced in Zhou enlightened aristocracy after Shang and Zhou revolution,developed and separated the thought of saints and kings in one. Political rationality made saints and kings in one collapsed gradually in late West Zhou dynasty. Faced with of order collapse,Confucius reinterpreted of the saints and kings,proposed the thought of internal saints and external kings as a scholar's political ideal.