上海市管道分质供水历史沿革、现状及对策

The history,current situation and sanitary management countermeasures of dual piping water supply in Shanghai

目的为全面了解上海市生活饮用水管道分质供水的历史沿革、行业现状,以及存在的主要卫生问题,开展管道分质供水卫生状况调查。方法选择本市从事管道分质供水的10家经营单位、175名业主和35名从业人员,采用专题调查方法,通过查阅资料、现场问卷、个别访谈等方法进行逐一调查。结果上海市管道分质供水行业自2008年后逐步趋缓,目前几乎停滞。供水小区平均开通用户为30%～50%,专业人才匮乏和使用者欠费成为行业发展的主要瓶颈。大部分使用者在购房时已经将管道分质供水作为购房理由之一,同时也有其他业主因家里已有净水器或认为自来水水质较好不选择使用管道分质供水。管道分质供水卫生监督合格率和出水水质合格率均在95%以上,由于输水管网设计先天不足以及用户比例偏低的影响,回水和居民家中水龙头水质情况要差于总出水水质,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论目前上海市管道分质供水仍有一定的市场需要,但行业发展停滞、经营者积极性下降、缺乏管理主体等原因也给行业带来远期的卫生安全隐患,建议明确管理主体、探索创新经营管理模式、构建社会共同参与的监督和管理机制,确保管道分质供水的卫生安全。

Objective To fully understand the history,current situation and major health-related problems of dual piping water supply,and to investigate the sanitary situation of the dual piping water supply system in Shanghai.Methods 10 suppliers and 35 employees,as well as 175 apartment owners were investigated by data collecting,field survey,and individual interview.Results The development of dual piping water supply industry in Shanghai slowed down gradually since 2008,and nearly stagnated at present.Only 30%-50% of households choose dual piping water supply on average.Talents shortage and payment in arrears were the major obstructions to the development of the industry.Most users considered dual piping water supply as one of the reasons of apartment purchase,while some apartment owners did not use it because they used water purifiers as substitute or they believed that tap water quality was good enough.Qualification rate of both health inspection and water quality were above 95%.Due to design deficiency and low utilization of water supply network,the quality of back water and tap water of dual piping water supply was worse than the quality of water directly taken from the water processing equipment,both differences were significant（P〈0.05）.Conclusion There is still certain demands in the market of dual piping water supply.However,there are hidden sanitary dangers in the industry due to its stagnant development and low enthusiasm of operators and lack of governance.Therefore,it is suggested that governance should be clarified,new operational method should be exploreb and inspection mechanism including social engagement should be built to ensure the sanitation and safety of dual piping water supply.