3SHULMAN L S. Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations oftheNew Reform[J]. Harvard EducationReview, 1987, 57(1 ) :1-21.
4MARKS R. Pedagogical Content Knowledge :From a Mathe- matical Case to a Modified Conception [J].JoumalofTeacher Education, 1990, 41 (3) : 3-11.
5ELLMO W, GRASER J. Adapted Adventure Activities : A Re- habilitation Model for Adventure Programming and Group Ini- tiatives[M]. Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt, 1995.
6COCHRAN K F,DERU1TER J A, KING R A. Pedagogical Content Knowing:An Integrative Model for Teacher Prepara- tion[J]. Journal of Teacher Education, 1993,44 (4) : 263-272.
7司琦.课程导论[M].台北:五南出书出版公司,1997.
8GOLDENBERG M A, KLENOSKY D B, O' LEARY J T, etc. A Means -End Investigation of Ropes Course Experiences [J]. Journal of Leisure Research, 2000,32 (2) : 208-225.