美国水污染源排污许可制度研究

Research on water pollution source discharge permit regulation in USA

美国"国家消除污染排放制度"(NPDES)排污许可制度是实现水环境保护目标的重要手段。NPDES排污许可证有个别许可和一般许可两种。NPDES有明确的职责分工,严格的申请和发放程序,完善的监督机制。通过对美国NPDES许可的研究,提出我国排污许可证制度完善中,应重新认识排污许可的地位和作用,正视排污许可证制度与排污权交易间的关系,重视排污许可证文本的设计,完善排污许可证制度的监督检查机制设计。

NPDES discharge permit is the main instrument to protect water quality in USA. There are individual and general permits. There is definite reasonability among stakeholders, rigorous application and payment procedures, and perfect supervision mechanism. While improving the permit instrument in China, it should re-recognize the role of permit, envisage the relationship of permit and emissions trading, pay attention to permit text designing, and improve the designing of supervision mechanism.