从“隐逸”到“隐逸”:史传文本中陶渊明形象的常与变

From“Recluse”to“Recluse”:the Changes of Tao Yuanming's Image in Historiographic-biography Literatures

陶渊明的部分诗文被六朝至初唐史家采摭入传,诗文塑造了一个向往田园、栖身田园而又惬意的隐者形象。沈约笔下的陶渊明形象并不是一个纯粹的隐者形象,而是独自过着隐逸生活,对世俗生活也未能决绝的个体形象。沈约刻画的陶渊明形象遵循了"孔门四科"的指导原则,以忠于国家的德行、意在归隐的政事、惬意自在的言语刻画了隐者的形象。《晋书》综合沈约、萧统的传记以整合内容,通过史家"去伪存真,去粗取精"的叙事重构,以"酒"为基本意象贯穿始终完成了陶渊明隐士形象的纯粹性书写过程。《南史》与《晋书》的书写倾向则完全不同,李延寿笔下的陶渊明形象又回到了梁代文人的接受场域,或者说又回到了沈约书写的起点。陶渊明的文学文本直接被看作是人生的主流部分,这种情况到中唐才开始发生变化,至北宋方才摆脱史传文本的全面影响,陶渊明所建构"人如其文"的特别审美形态得到更加深入的文化阐释。

From the Six Dynasties to the early period of Tang Dynasty,some of the Tao Yuanming＇s poems were collected by historians in their biographies. These poems had shaped a pleasant image of a recluse who yearned towards the pastoral places and dwelled in there. Tao Yuanming in the description of Shen Yue was not a true recluse,but who lived in a secluded life alone and could not refuse secular and social life. In the guiding principle of＂the four subjects of Confucianism＂（virtue,politics,literature and speech）,the figure of Tao Yuanming in Shen Yue＇s description was loyal to the country＇s virtue and designed to avoid politics. Integrated biographies of Shen Yue and Xiao Tong, the Book of Jin had accomplished the pure writing process of Tao Yuanming as a recluse. It adopted the method of reframing narration which always used by historians. That is＂eliminate the false and retain the true;discard the dross and select the essential＂. ＂Wine＂as a basic image was throughout the book. The styles of The History of Southern Dynasties and the Book of Jin are completely different. The image of Tao Yuanming in Li Yanshou＇s description returned to the accepting field of litterateur of Liang Dynasty,or went back to the starting point of Shen Yue＇s writing. Until the middle period of Tang Dynasty that Tao Yuanming＇s literary texts were directly regarded as the main part of his life. And in the Northern Song Dynasty,it get rid of the overall influence of historical biographies. The special aesthetic ＂The style is the man.＂constructed by Tao Yuanming which had gained more in-depth cultural interpretation.