明代宫廷女教论析

On the Women's Education in Royal Court of Ming Dynasty

在程朱理学和纲常观念盛行的背景下,明代宫廷女性在接受教育上得到了一定的保障。朝廷设立教学机构,先后任用有文化的女官和知识型宦官对宫廷女性进行教育,并以司礼监秉笔太监加以提督和管理,甚至有时太后、皇后和嫔妃也亲自对其他宫中女性进行教育,基本上形成了相对完善的教育机制。明代宫廷女教的内容和教材充斥着男性话语霸权,使受教者自觉承传"夫为妻纲"等男权意识。宫廷女教的顺利开展,必须首先进行扫盲训练和基础教育,这在无形中促进了宫廷女性识字率的提高和文化水平的提升。明代宫廷女教并不因红墙环绕而封闭,而与民间有一定的互动。明代宫廷女教的存在和延续,既受到明代社会整体教育发展的影响,也受益于宫廷政策的调整,又得益于后妃、宫女自身增值固宠的内需。

Under the background of Neo-Confucianism and Tsunatsune prevailing, the women of Ming Dynastypalace got a certain guarantee on education.The court established teaching institutions,appointment of literate femaleofficer and eunuch successively,appointment of related eunuch to manage them and even sometimes the empressdowager, empress and concubines taught other palace women personally.The court formed a relative complete educationsystem basically.Ming court female education content and materials filled with male discourse hegemony, so that theeducatees handed down the concept of ＂wife having to submit to her husband＂ consciously.The palace female teachingwent smoothly, first carried out literacy training and basic education,which improved palace women＇s literacy rates andeducational level virtually.Ming court female education is not closed, but there is a certain interaction with civil society.The existence and continuation of Ming court female education was affected by the overall educational development ofthe Ming Dynasty, and got benefit from adjustment policies of Ming court, also due to the needs of palace womenthemselves for getting Empress＇ s like through their value increment.