南海一号出水景德镇窑与龙泉窑青瓷特征的无损分析研究

Nondestructive Analysis of Jingdezhen and Longquan Celadon Wares Excavated from Nanhai No.1 Shipwreck

古代陶瓷产地研究是陶瓷考古的重要内容,也是科技考古工作者研究的重点。目前国内古代陶瓷产地研究主要依赖化学成分分析技术,对陶瓷釉层结构特征的无损分析研究却相对缺乏,难以对古代陶瓷进行全方位的认知。该研究首次将光学相干层析(OCT)与X射线荧光(XRF)光谱分析技术相结合,对南海一号沉船出水的南宋初期景德镇窑和龙泉窑青瓷瓷釉的断层结构特征和化学成分特征进行综合无损分析研究。首先采用扫频OCT成像系统对两个窑址青瓷瓷釉断层结构及装饰工艺特征进行了研究,分析了青瓷瓷釉类型、釉层厚度、釉层内气泡、包裹体、表面裂纹等特征及分布状况,对比了两窑址青瓷瓷釉断层结构特征,确定了可能采用的装饰工艺。其次,利用X射线荧光(XRF)光谱分析获得了两窑址青瓷胎釉的化学成分,对比研究了两个窑址青瓷胎釉化学成分差异,进而探讨了瓷釉断层OCT图像特征与釉层化学成分之间存在的联系。实验结果表明,景德镇青瓷和龙泉青瓷样品在釉层厚度、气泡、裂纹、包裹体等瓷釉断层结构特征上差异明显,在胎釉化学成分方面,两类青瓷在胎釉着色相关元素、釉层碱性氧化物等成分含量上也存在差异。同时,瓷釉断面结构特征差异与釉层化学成分差异存在紧密联系。实验证明,将OCT与XRF相结合是一种有效的辨别瓷器窑口的科学技术方法。

The provenance study of ancient ceramics,as an important part in archaeological field,is the researching focus for researchers in scientific and technological archaeology.At present,the provenance study of ancient ceramics mainly depends on chemical analysis technologies while non-destructive physical structural analysis of ceramic glaze is relatively lacking.Therefore,it is difficult to have a comprehensive understanding of ancient ceramics.Optical coherence tomography（OCT）is an emerging non-destructive imaging technology with a high sensitivity.In this paper,the OCT combined with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy（XRF）is employed firstly to analyze celadon wares of Jingdezhen and Longquan found in Nanhai No.1 shipwreck which is dated to early Southern Song dynasty non-destructively.First,the glaze cross-section structures and decoration characteristics of the celadon wares of the two kilns,Jingdezhen and Longquan,are studied by OCT.The type,thickness of glaze,the glaze inclusions including bubbles,crystals,residual grains,and the cracks on the glaze surface are analyzed based on the OCT images obtained.The characteristics of glaze cross-section structures for the celadon wares of two kilns are compared,and the decoration technologies of the celadon wares are also determined.Next,the chemical compositions of glaze and body of the celadon wares of the two kilns,Jingdezhen and Longquan,are obtained by XRF and compared.Then,the relationship between the differences of glaze cross-section structures and chemical compositions of glaze are discussed.The results show that the celadon wares from Jingdezhen and Longquan are different in glaze cross-section structures,and are the chemical compositions of the glaze and body.Meanwhile the differences of glaze chemical composition are relevant to the differences of glaze cross-section structures.This paper shows that the combination of OCT and XRF is validate as an effective method to identify the porcelains from different kilns.