陕西周原遗址出土西周原始瓷工艺特征的初步研究

Study on Technological Characteristic of the Proto-Porcelain on Western Zhou Dynasty Excavated from Zhouyuan Site in Shaanxi Province

南方地区原始瓷出土数量较多且出土地点较为集中,从而对它的工艺和产地研究较为深入;而北方原始瓷因出土地点分布零散和数量的限制,对它的科技分析比较少。随着陕西周原遗址出土了大量原始瓷,有必要对该遗址出土的原始瓷做一个整体分析。为了探讨陕西周原遗址出土西周时期原始瓷的工艺特征,采用超景深三维视频显微系统和能量色散X射线荧光光谱分别对原始瓷胎釉微观结构和化学元素组成进行了观察与测试。显微观察可见：原始瓷胎质粗糙,胎中未熔颗粒、孔隙较多;施釉不均,釉层较为浑浊,分布较多气泡。化学组成测试结果显示：胎中Al_2O_3含量集中在11.8%~17.21%,SiO_2含量分布在75%~80.5%,K_2O含量分布在3%~7.85%;釉中CaO含量分布在11.08%~23.94%,P_2O_5含量分布在1%~3.18%、MnO含量分布在0.24%~1%,而釉中P_2O_5,MnO,K_2O含量较胎相对提高。结果分析表明：原始瓷胎料可能选用含较高钾的瓷石;釉应是添加了草木灰的钙釉;周原遗址的原始瓷工艺尚处于制瓷技术初级阶段。

In southern region,the proto-porcelain have been found in large number and its excavation sites are relatively concentrated,thus its processing technique and origin have been studied thoroughly.However,as to proto-porcelain in northern region,the unearthed sites are scattered in distribution and its quantity is less.So there is limited analysis as to the technology.Since shaanxi zhouyuan relics unearthed a large number of proto-porcelain,it is necessary to give detailed analysis to them.In order to explore the technological characteristic of proto-porcelain of Western Zhou Dynasty which was excavated from Zhouyuan site in Shaanxi province,in this article three-dimensional video microscopy system was used to observe the microstructure and energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer was used to test the chemical composition of the proto-porcelain body and glaze.The results of microscopic observation indicated that the proto-porcelain body quality was rough and had many unmelting particles and pores;the glaze layer was uneven and distributes many bubbles.The results of chemical composition in the body showed that the content of Al_2O_3 was between 11.8%~17.21%,SiO_2 is 75%~80.5%,K_2O is 3%~7.85%.However the content in the glaze of CaO is between 11.08%~23.94%,P_2O_5 is 1%~3.18%,MnO is 0.24%~1%;the content of MnO,P_2O_5,K_2O in the glaze had improved greatly more than those in the body.The above results showed that the raw materials of proto-porcelain body may use the chinastone which contains more potassium;and the plant ash should be added in the calcareous glaze;the manufacturing characteristic of the proto-porcelain found in Zhouyuan site was still at the primary stage in Chinese porcelain＇s history.