东欧各国社会主义道路的曲折历程

The Tortuous Course of Socialism in East European Countries

东欧社会主义自始至终是在"民族道路"和"苏联模式"的选择与摩擦中前进的。20世纪50年代中期起,东欧共产党人努力实现马克思主义本土化,积极探索适合本国国情的社会主义道路,相继出现了"南斯拉夫试验"、哥穆尔卡的"波兰道路"和卡达尔的"匈牙利道路"等人民民主制度模式。东欧社会主义模式,有自己的特点,也有不少问题,因而,道路走得曲折坎坷,终于在1989—1990年相继崩溃。无论他们的成功经验还是失败教训,都值得国际社会主义运动认真总结和汲取。

Socialism advanced in East Europe in choices and frictions between the ＂national path＂and the＂Soviet model＂. Since the middle of 1950 s,the communist parties in East European countries strove to localize Marxism,and actively explored the paths of socialism suitable to the conditions of their own countries. Various models of people＇s democracy emerged successively,including the ＂Yugoslavia experiment＂,Gomulka＇s ＂Polish Path＂,and Kadar＇s ＂Hungarian Path＂,etc. These models had their own characteristics and drawbacks,too.Hence,they underwent twists and turns and finally collapsed one after another from 1989 to 1990. It is of significance to sum up and draw on the experiences and lessons from their successes and failures for the benefit of the international socialist movement.