新世界观的“纲领”还是“萌芽”？--对马克思《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》的重新解读

The Principle or the Bud of the New Worldview: Reinterpretation on Karl Marx's Theses on Feuerbach

《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》是马克思哲学形成过程中的一篇重要的哲学文献。它包含了马克思的"新世界观萌芽",但其思想并未完全成熟,其主要表现是:文献虽然弘扬了实践观点,但这里的实践概念还仅仅是一个包含了主体能动性的抽象的实践概念,而成熟的马克思哲学的实践概念则是一个现实的实践概念,即社会历史的概念。由于《提纲》还没有提出新唯物主义世界观的历史的解释原则、历史的思维逻辑和历史的评价尺度,因而在关于社会和人的理解上,《提纲》也未能实现从抽象的人和抽象的社会向现实的人和现实的社会的转变。因此,我们在对马克思哲学的研究中不能完全以此文献为标准,特别是不能用《提纲》的观点去消解和贬低马克思在《德意志意识形态》中形成的成熟的历史唯物主义观点。

Marx's Theses on Feuerbachis an important paper in the development of Marxian philosophy.It entails the bud of his new worldview.However,it does not reach its high point.The reason is as follows.Firstly,it is for sure that there is viewpoint on praxis in the essay,but what is raised in it is an abstract conception of praxis with agency,while the concept of praxis in Marx's later writings is a real one,i.e.,the concept of social history.Secondly,since there is no historical interpretative principle,historical logic of thinking and historical dimension of evaluation which are in accordance with the new materialism raised in the Theses,its understanding on society and human beings still is abstract,and does not reach the height in that of his later writings.In this sense,I conclude that Theses on Feuerbach can not be seen as the typical text in the research on Marxist philosophy,and especially it can not be used to substitute and disparage Marxist mature viewpoint on historical materialism in the German Ideology.