6Evelyn $. Rawski, The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
7Pamela K. Cmssley,a Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
8Mark C. Elliott, the Manchu Way : the Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford University Press, 2001.
9Edward Rhoads, Manchu and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861 - 1928, University of Washington Press, 2000.
