“攻乎异端,斯害也已”的政治智慧和道德容忍度思想

Confucian Political Wisdom and Moral Tolerance in "Excluding Those Who Hold Different Views Is Harmful to One's Studies"

孔子之"异端"论思想,历来众说纷纭,但这些不同说法都存在主观臆想之错误。采取语境还原方法,发现孔子之论"异端",意在于引导弟子如何学会"多闻阙疑"和"多见阙殆"的政治学智慧;其匠心所在,却是培养弟子们的道德容忍智慧。这一道德容忍智慧从正面讲,就是慎取;从反面论,就是广纳,即面对来自各方面的不同政治见解、观点、主张、思想、理论、方法,须具备"有容乃大"的胸襟、"君子不器"的整合融通能力、"周而不比"的人格力量和持守正道的君子大法。

Confucius＇ judgment on yiduan（异端） has been interpreted diversely,but there are errors of subjective conjecture among such interpretations.With the method of context reduction,this paper finds that the intention of Confucius＇ judgment lies in guiding and cultivating his disciples to learn everything but suspend the judgment on anything in doubt and see everything but keep away from the troublesome,so as to cultivate the wisdom of moral tolerance.On the one hand,the wisdom of moral tolerance means taking it prudently;on the other,it means absorbing information widely,i.e.,when faced with various different political opinions,views,opinions,ideas,theories and methods,one must have magnanimity,adaptability,impartiality and integrity.