生态服务付费的理论优势与现实应用

Payments for Ecosystem Services:Theoretical Advantages and Practice

生态服务付费,作为一种遵循"受益者付费原则"的环境治理手段,因其具备增加环境投入、提高环保效率和增进贫困人口福利等方面的潜在优势获得理论界和政策界的高度关注。环境经济学派将生态服务付费定位为一种市场需求主导下的自由交易机制,以期实现环境投入产出最大化。生态经济学派在质疑市场机制作用空间的同时,强调效率优先目标对环境保护和社会公平造成的负面影响,因而主张交易机制只是诸多生态补偿模式中的一种。生态系统与经济社会系统的双重复杂性决定了生态服务付费需要综合运用市场、政府与地方主体等多重力量,构建一种混合的环境治理模式。

Payments for ecosystem services（PES）,as a method of environmental protection and management following the beneficiary pays principle,have received increasing attention from the academic and policymaking circles due to its potential to increase environmental inputs,promote the cost-effectiveness and alleviate poverty.The school of environmental economics,for the efficiency consideration,defines the PES as a voluntary mechanism of exchange between ES providers and demanders.Ecological economics holds that the ecological system and the complexity of the policy environment would restrict the functional space of market mechanisms.At the same time,it stresses the negative influence of the objective of giving priority to efficiency on environmental protection and social fairness.Therefore,the exchange mechanism is just one type of eco-compensation models.We argue that a hybrid regime which combines the elements of market,government and local actors is more suitable to the payments of ecosystem services,due to the dual complexity of ecosystem and social-economic systems.