冷热应激区域规模奶牛场建筑设施的调查与分析

Investigation and Analysis of Constructions and Facilities in Large-scale Dairy Farms under Cold or Hot Stress Regions

为了解我国冷热应激区域规模奶牛场牛舍建筑和设备的差异,本研究选取了20个存栏规模在400~15000头的奶牛场,对牛舍建筑形式、屋顶形式、屋面材料、环境调控设备等方面进行了调研分析。结果表明,冷应激区域泌乳牛舍主要采用密闭或半开放建筑形式,屋面材料以保温性能较好的复合彩钢板为主;而热应激区域则多以开放式、屋顶采用钟楼或双坡形式为主。以单层彩钢板为屋面材料的牛舍,其热阻远远低于夏季低限热阻要求,十分不利于奶牛夏季生产。用于牛场缓解热应激的降温通风设备类别丰富,但通风降温方式的选择缺乏一定的科学性,调控效果差别较大。为提高牛舍夏季抗热应激水平,湿热地区应选用钟楼式屋顶,以有助于舍内通风,而干热地区则应选择双坡式屋顶,同时需要加强屋顶隔热设计。

This paper aims to investigate the differences of constructions and facilities in large-scale dairy farms that were stressed by cold or hot climates in China. Twenty dairy farms were sampled and estimated with the farm-scale range from 400 to 15000 cows. Architectural type,roof type,roof materials and environmental control equipment were surveyed in the investigation. The results showed that most dairy barns in the cold stress places were closed barns and half-open barns; the main roof material was composite color plate with good insulation performance. While, most barns in heat stress area were open barns with belfry roofs or gable roofs. The roof material of open barns was single color plate, and the heat resistance was much lower than the minimum of heat resistance should be in summer, which cannot satisfy the requirement of cows. The problems for heat stress lied on the lack of scientific strategy on utilizing of the cooling ventilation equipment in large-scale dairy farms even the equipment was plenty. In order to improve the ability of heat stress resistance of dairy barns, dairy barns with belfry roof were recommended in regions with hot and humid weather to help ventilation efficiency, while barns with gable roof were more suitable in dry-hot regions and heat resistance need to be strengthened at the meantime.