清律回民相关条例及其影响

The Huis Crime Related Regulations in Da Qing Lv Li and Their Influence

清代最主要的刑事制定法《大清律例》含有近两千道条例,其中涉及回民犯罪的共计15道。这其中,又以确立了回民结伙3人以上持械犯罪原则的一道条例最为重要,其余14道条例,从某种程度上说,都是围绕着回民团伙犯罪展开的。自20世纪初以来,即有一些海内外学者针对清代回变多发的特点,认定清朝法律对于回民的歧视是导致回汉矛盾激化的重要原因之一。围绕前述涉及回民的条例做全面的分析考察,发现这些条例虽在某些情形下确较针对普通民众的同类犯罪惩罚为重,但适用范围极小,影响有限,不大可能引发大规模的反叛运动。考其立法目的,仍不过是一种"应急手段"而已,并非基于种族、宗教立场上的身份歧视;此与欧洲人基于先天遗传基因的种族歧视完全不同。

Among the nearly 2000 regulations in Da Qing Lv Li,which was the main criminal legislation of Qing Dynasty,only 15 were related to Huis crime. Of them the most important one is the regulation that established the principle of gang crime of three or more armed Huis,and the other 14 regulations were,to some extent,all related to the issue of Huis gang crime. Aiming at the high frequency of Hui uprisings in the Qing Dynasty,since the beginning of the 20 th century,some scholars at home and abroad asserted that the legal discrimination against Huis in the Qing Dynasty was one of the important causes leading to the intensification of contradictions between Huis and Hans. This article made a comprehensive study on the above- mentioned Huis crime related regulations. It revealed that,although these regulations imposed heavier punishment in comparison to the punishment for the similar crime of common people in some cases,their actual application scope was very narrow and their influence was limited,and it was thus unlikely to cause massive uprisings. To explore the legislative goal of these regulations,it was just a kind of emergency disposal rather than identity discrimination based on race or religious stance; it was completely different from the European racial discrimination based on genetic aspect.